Hard water calcification causes adverse health effects
the verdict
REFUTED
the evidence says no
confidence 13/100
Scientific evidence refutes the claim that hard water calcification causes adverse health effects, consistently showing instead that mineral-rich hard water is inversely associated with cardiovascular mortality and various cancers.
Evidence against · 9
Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water and Risk of Death From Cerebrovascular Disease
1998 · cited by 104
Study indicates that magnesium in drinking water has a significant protective effect against cerebrovascular disease mortality.
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More against · 8
The composition of mineral waters sourced from Europe and North America in respect to bone health: composition of mineral water optimal for bone
2008 · cited by 32
Study highlights that calcium- and bicarbonate-rich mineral waters are beneficial to bone health.
The correlation between the mineral drinking water composition and the relevance of dentine in health – A pilot study
2020 · cited by 4
Study finds a direct and significant correlation between calcium and magnesium in drinking water and dental mineralization.
Water Quality and Mortality from Coronary Artery Disease in Sardinia: A Geospatial Analysis.
2021 · cited by 0
Study demonstrates an inverse association between calcium content in drinking water and cardiovascular mortality.
Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and cardiovascular mortality.
1991 · cited by 0
Study notes a statistically significant inverse relationship between water hardness and mortality from cardiovascular disease.
Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and the risk of death from esophageal cancer.
2002 · cited by 0
Study shows a significant trend toward a decreased risk of esophageal cancer with increasing magnesium levels in water.
Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of death from prostate cancer.
2000 · cited by 0
Study reports a protective effect of magnesium intake from drinking water against prostate cancer development.
Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of death from colon cancer.
1997 · cited by 0
Study finds a significant protective effect of calcium intake from drinking water against colon cancer.
Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and the risk of death from hypertension.
1999 · cited by 0
Study concludes that magnesium in drinking water provides a significant protective effect against the risk of death from hypertension.