Halophytic plants survive in salt water through specialized ion compartmentalization
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Retrieved scientific literature confirms that halophytic plants survive high salinity environments through various specialized physiological adaptations, including the regulation of cellular ion homeostasis and osmotic pressure.
Elevated soil salinity exacerbated by human activities and global climate change poses serious threats to plant survival. Although halophytes provide many important clues concerning salt tolerance in plants, some unanswered questions remain to be addressed, including the processes of water and solute transport regulation. We performed high-throughput RNA-sequencing in roots and metabolome characterizations in roots and leaves of Puccinellia nuttalliana halophytic grass subjected to 0 (control) and 150 mM NaCl. In RNAseq, a total of 31 Gb clean bases generated were de novo assembled into 941,894 transcripts. The PIP2;2 and HKT1;5 transcript levels increased in response to the NaCl treatment implying their roles in water and ion homeostasis. Several transcription factors, including WRKY39, DEK3, HY5, and ABF2, were also overexpressed in response to NaCl. The metabolomic analysis revealed that proline and dopamine significantly increased due to the upregulation of the pathway genes under salt stress, likely contributing to salt tolerance mechanisms. Several phosphatidylcholines significantly increased in roots suggesting that the alterations of membrane lipid composition may be an important strategy in P. nuttalliana for maintaining cellular homeostasis and membrane integrity under salt stress. In leaves, the TCA cycle was enriched suggesting enhanced energy metabolism to cope with salt stress. Other features contributing to the ability of P. nuttalliana to survive under high sa
The use of wild plant species or their halophytic relatives has been considered in plant breeding programs to improve salt and drought tolerance in crop plants. Aeluropus littoralis serves as halophyte model for identification and isolation of novel stress adaptation genes. A. littoralis, a perennial monocot grass, grows in damp or arid areas, often salt-impregnated places and wasteland in cultivated areas, can survive periodically high water salinity, and tolerate high salt concentrations in the soil up to 1,100 mM sodium chloride. Therefore, it serves as valuable genetic resource to understand molecular mechanisms of stress-responses in monocots. The knowledge can potentially be used for improving tolerance to abiotic stresses in economically important crops. Several morphological, anatomical, ecological, and physiological traits of A. littoralis have been investigated so far. After watering with salt water the grass is able to excrete salt via its salt glands. Meanwhile, a number of ESTs (expressed sequence tag), genes and promoters induced by the salt and drought stresses were isolated, sequenced and annotated at a molecular level. Transfer of stress related genes to other species resulted in enhanced stress resistance. Here we describe the genome sequence and structure of A. littoralis analyzed by whole genome sequencing and histological analysis. The chromosome number was determined to be 20 (2n = 2x = 20). The genome size was calculated to be 354 Mb. This genomic infor
Background: Chenopodium plant is halophytic in nature in which the plant absorbs salt from soil and secrets the salts in aerial parts particularly in leaves and also has lot of macro and micro nutrients. This salt secretion by salt glands helps to survive the plants in saline conditions. The morpho-physiological characters act as barrier against mechanical damages, insects, excessive light and loss of water. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to enhance the seed quality traits viz., germination, speed of germination and seedling vigour in black gram by treating with the salt glands of Chenopodium. Methods: The experiment was conducted in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2019 - 2020. The black gram variety VBN 8 seeds were treated with different concentrations of Chenopodium leaf extract and salt bladders. Then, the seeds were assessed for its quality traits. Result: The experimental results showed that seeds soaked in Chenopodium leaf extract along with salt bladders @ 1.0% or salt bladders alone @ 0.2% for 3 h at 1:0.3 (w/v) ratio have recorded highest germination (97% and 96%) and seedling vigour (2280 and 2102). Nevertheless, analytical results indicated that the Chenopodium leaf extract and its salt bladders contain more amount of minerals particularly phosphorous (0.50%, 0.15%), potassium (0.83%, 1.11%), nitrogen (2.52%, 2.21%), calcium (16.00 ppm, 22.40 ppm), magnesium (190.56 ppm, 193.40 ppm), sodi
Considering the interest for arid and semi-arid regions to improve biosaline agriculture by domestication and sustainable use of halophytic plants in salt-affected regions, present work was accomplished by studying diverse ecophysiological mechanisms of several promising candidates such as Batis maritima, Sporobolus spicatus, Spartina alterniflora, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima and vulgaris and Aster tripolium. They all share high economic potential, the ability for reclamation of salt-affected lands and to survive at high salinities. Seawater was used as the source of saline water at different dilutions with fresh water: 0% (control: fresh water), 25, 50, 75 and 100% seawater. Plants were cultivated in an automated irrigation and drainage system, in coastal sand as substrate, under highly reproducible greenhouse conditions (quick check system). The salt-tolerant species survived at all salinity treatments, and maximum growth occurred in low and moderate salinities (25 and 50% seawater). Beyond the optimal growth treatment, a progressive growth decrease took place. Threshold of salinity tolerance differed from one species to another which is related to osmotic adjustment by the regulation of minerals and water uptake from culture medium. To avoid toxicity of excess ion accumulation, halophytic plants have developed morphological and anatomical adaptations at the scale of the whole plant. The Na+ and Cl− were the dominant ions, and their concentrations i
Plants inhabiting saline areas develop specific morpho-anatomical and physiological features to survive. Sporobolus ioclados is among the few grass species that dominate highly saline habitats. This is a salt excretory species and can potentially be important for phytoremediation of salt-affected lands. Three ecotypes of Sporobolus ioclados (Trin.) Nees (DF-Derawar Fort (LSE), BD-Bailahwala Dahar (MSE), LS-Ladam Sir) from the Cholistan Desert were evaluated to investigate structural and functional modifications for salt tolerance under controlled conditions in hydroponic growth medium using half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. Three salinity (NaCl) treatments were provided, namely 0 (control), 150, and 300 mM. All three ecotypes showed different structural and physiological modifications under salinity stress. Structural and functional traits were more developed in the HSE. Modifications. Structural features include intensity of sclerification and thicker leaves. Functional features were high concentration of toxic ions excretion, organic osmolytes accumulation, and maintenance of leaf turgor, photosynthesis and water use efficiency. All these confer it an excellent material for the phytoremediation as well as revegetation of highly saline lands.
Plants are the primary producers of any organic material for food, via their pigment-light harvesting process, utilizing carbon dioxide and water. Salinity has negative influence on plant’s growth, development, and productivity as it limits the plant from giving its full yield potential. The occurrence of salinity is one of the most substantial abiotic stresses in agriculture. Halophytes are plants that exhibit high salt tolerance, allowing them to survive and complete their life cycle under extremely saline conditions; the family Chenopodiaceae has the highest number of halophytic population. Studies have elucidated the role and adaptive features of various halophytic species required for their survival in high salinity conditions, including secretion of salt through the salt glands and bladders, succulent nature, regulation of cellular ion homeostasis and osmotic pressure, detoxification of reactive oxygen species, and changes in membrane composition. Also, several stress-responsive genes/transcription factors have been isolated and characterized in vitro as well as in planta via advanced technologies. In this chapter, we discuss the different adaptive mechanisms employed by halophytes to attain normal growth and metabolism under salt stress, with emphasis on two important halophytes of the Gujarat coast, a salt secreting grass Aeluropus lagopoides and a salt accumulating succulent Salicornia brachiata.
As competition for the limited water supply available for irrigation of crops increases, research on management practices with salt resistant species has become increasingly essential. There are already many halophytic species used for economic interests or ecological reasons. However, the wide span of halophyte utilisation is not yet explored even to a small degree. Halophytic species have different degrees of salinity tolerance. It is, therefore, important to select promising salt tolerant plants with adequate tolerance and yield characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the level of salinity tolerance of a number of halophytic species and to study the mechanisms by which plants survive salinity using a quick check system in which plants were grown under artificial conditions and irrigated with five seawater dilutions. Halophytes are widely distributed among the families of flowering plants. We extended our studies to plant species from different families such as Beta vulgaris ssp maritima (Chenopodiaceae), Spartina townsendii (Gramineae), Aster tripolium (Compositae), Batis maritima (Batidaceae), Sesuvium verrucosum (Ficoidaceae), or Plantago coronopus (Plantaginaceae). The salinity tolerance of halophytic plants is in most cases multigenic and there is often a strong relation between various mechanisms. A comprehensive study with the analysis of at least several parameters is a necessity to get a survey about mechanism constitution leading at the end to the
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