Multiple spectroscopic and satellite-based studies confirm that greenhouse gases absorb substantial amounts of thermal radiation despite existing in relatively low atmospheric concentrations.
The retrieved papers heavily support the claim that greenhouse gases absorb significant radiation despite low concentrations. Papers [0], [3], [4], [6], [9], and [10] provide detailed line-by-line modeling, satellite observations, and physical principles demonstrating that trace greenhouse gases exert substantial radiative forcing by absorbing outgoing thermal infrared radiation. There are no refuting papers.