Gravity alone can cause lethal tidal forces without a physical collision
Gravitational tidal forces from black holes can completely or partially rupture passing stars without any physical collision taking place.
The retrieved astrophysical papers repeatedly and consistently describe tidal disruption events (TDEs), wherein the gravitational field of a compact object (such as a black hole) exerts extreme differential forces on a star passing close by, successfully ripping it apart without requiring a direct physical impact. All relevant papers support this premise, and none refute it.
Taeho Ryu, Julian Krolik, Tsvi Piran. Measuring Stellar and Black Hole Masses of Tidal Disruption Events. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abbf4d
Paper 0 establishes that stars can be tidally disrupted by massive black holes purely through gravitational interaction.
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Elen C. A. Golightly, Eric R. Coughlin, C. J. Nixon. Tidal Disruption Events: The Role of Stellar Spin. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aafd2f
Paper 1 discusses how the gravitational tidal force from a supermassive black hole rips apart a passing star.
M. Miller, M. Davies. AN UPPER LIMIT TO THE VELOCITY DISPERSION OF RELAXED STELLAR SYSTEMS WITHOUT MASSIVE BLACK HOLES. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/755/1/81
Paper 2 demonstrates how central black holes tidally disrupt passing stars at high rates due to gravitational forces alone.
Yi-Han Wang, Rosalba Perna, Philip J Armitage. Partial tidal disruption events by stellar mass black holes: Gravitational instability of stream and impact from remnant core. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab802
Paper 3 analyzes close encounters where stars are tidally disrupted by stellar mass black holes without physical collision.
Denyz Melchor, B. Mockler, S. Naoz, Sanaea C. Rose, E. Ramirez-Ruiz. Tidal Disruption Events from the Combined Effects of Two-body Relaxation and the Eccentric Kozai–Lidov Mechanism. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acfee0
Paper 4 explains that tidal disruption events occur when stars venture too close to a supermassive black hole and are ruptured by gravity.
Kazumi Kashiyama, Kohei Inayoshi. STELLAR TIDAL DISRUPTION EVENTS BY DIRECT-COLLAPSE BLACK HOLES. 2016. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637x/826/1/80
Paper 8 describes nuclear stars being scattered onto loss cone orbits and tidally disrupted by a central black hole.
C. J. Nixon, Eric R. Coughlin. Stellar Revival and Repeated Flares in Deeply Plunging Tidal Disruption Events. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac5118
Paper 9 examines deep encounters where gravitational tidal forces result in the partial or full disruption of a star.
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