Glucose can be synthesized abiotically from carbon dioxide and water using energy input.
Recent experimental studies confirm that glucose and other sugars can be abiotically synthesized from carbon dioxide and water using external energy inputs such as electro- and photocatalysis or hydrodynamic cavitation.
Papers [0] and [5] provide direct empirical evidence supporting the claim that sugars (including hexoses and ribose) can be synthesized abiotically from carbon dioxide and water using energy input. The other papers discuss unrelated topics such as microbial fermentation, biomass LCA, or general photocatalysis without demonstrating total abiotic sugar synthesis from CO2 and H2O, thus leaving the supported papers unopposed.
Soland N, Luo J, Maulana AL, Feijoo J, Jo HJ, Oddo AM, Shan Y, Wang T, Lee G, Choi J, Huynh WS, Guzman MF, Jayasinghe L, Zhu C, Yang Y, Yang P. Multistep catalytic abiotic CO<sub>2</sub> conversion to sugars through C<sub>1</sub> intermediates.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2514826122
Paper 0 demonstrates the catalytic abiotic conversion of carbon dioxide to sugars including hexoses using energy input.
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Fang Y, Luo Y, Ding W, Ying D, Zhang W, Song J, Zhang W, Jia J. Hydrodynamic cavitation for prebiotic ribose formation from H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub>.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwag182
Paper 5 shows that ribose can be synthesized abiotically from water and carbon dioxide under hydrodynamic cavitation conditions.
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