The recent overall Northern Hemisphere warming was accompanied by several severe northern continental winters, as for example, extremely cold winter 2005–2006 in Europe and northern Asia. Here we show that anomalous decrease of wintertime sea ice concentration in the Barents‐Kara (B‐K) seas could bring about extreme cold events like winter 2005–2006. Our simulations with the ECHAM5 general circulation model demonstrate that lower‐troposphere heating over the B‐K seas in the Eastern Arctic caused by the sea ice reduction may result in strong anticyclonic anomaly over the Polar Ocean and anomalous easterly advection over northern continents. This causes a continental‐scale winter cooling reaching −1.5°C, with more than 3 times increased probability of cold winter extremes over large areas including Europe. Our results imply that several recent severe winters do not conflict the global warming picture but rather supplement it, being in qualitative agreement with the simulated large‐scale atmospheric circulation realignment. Furthermore, our results suggest that high‐latitude atmospheric circulation response to the B‐K sea ice decrease is highly nonlinear and characterized by transition from anomalous cyclonic circulation to anticyclonic one and then back again to cyclonic type of circulation as the B‐K sea ice concentration gradually reduces from 100% to ice free conditions. We present a conceptual model that may explain the nonlinear local atmospheric response in the B‐K seas region by counter play between convection over the surface heat source and baroclinic effect due to modified temperature gradients in the vicinity of the heating area.

What lessons can be learnt from the exceptionally long and severe heatwave experienced in Europe in 2003? First, that these heatwaves can be responsible for a dramatic excess mortality: certainly more than 50 000 excess deaths for Europe in August 2003. The consequences of the heatwave were probably underestimated in many countries, at least those based on the first estimates. This excess mortality affects vulnerable groups, particularly those who are old or ill. Identification of risk factors is a priority if the necessary prevention actions are to be implemented.

In present time climate change has been recognized as the foremost environmental problem of the twenty first century and has become a subject of considerable debates. It is predicted to lead to adverse, irreversible impact on earth and the ecosystem as a whole. Although it is difficult to connect specific weather events to global warming, increase in global temperatures has been predicted to cause border changes, including glacial retreat, arctic shrinkage, and worldwide sea level rise. Climate change has been implicated in mass mortalities of mail, aquatic species, including plants. Climate change is an emerging threat to global public health in many ways including heat stress, air pollution, food scarcity and spread of infectious diseases and intensity of disease outbreaks. Thus, ‘Global Climate Change’ has been a major issue that has created global concern and this has been highlighted by awarding the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for this cause, on the Inter-Governmental Panel of Climatic Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (M) Gore JR., the former American Vice-President, jointly. Global warming is being proven as the major reason behind the climate change. Fossil fuels are being continuously used to produce electricity. The burning of these fuels produces gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides which lead to global warming. Deforestation is also leading to warmer temperatures. The hazard of global warming is continuously causing major damage to the earth’s environment. The present paper focuses on different aspects of ‘Global Climate Change’; the causes, predicted impacts. Probable steps for mitigation and the need for greater understanding of climate change and bringing global awareness on the issue.

Global warming and sea-level rise (SLR) induced by rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations can cause coral bleaching, death, and submergence of the world’s coral reefs. Adopting the GIS and RS methods, we modeled how these two stressors combine to influence the future growth of the atolls and table reefs of three archipelagoes in the South China Sea (SCS), based on geomorphic and ecological zones. A large-scale survey of the coral communities in Xisha Islands in 2014, Dongsha Islands in 2014–2016 and Nansha Islands in 2007 provided zone-specific process datasets on the range of reef accretion rates. Sea surface temperature and extreme (minimum and maximum) SLR data above 1985–2005 levels by 2100 in the SCS were derived from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) models forced with the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Our model projected that: (1) the Xisha Islands and Dongsha Islands may have a better growth status, because the reef flat biotic sparse zone may be recolonized with hard coral and become a biotic dense zone; (2) the southern Nansha Islands reefs have a risk of stopping growing due to their earlier annual bleaching years. The increasing of water depths of these reefs is stronger in the RCP with more emissions. Our approach offers insights into the best-case and worst-case impacts of two global environmental pressures on potential future reef growth under a changing climate.

The historical City of Venice, with its lagoon, has been severely exposed to repeated marine flooding since historical times due to the combined effects of sea level rise (SLR) and land subsidence (LS) by natural and anthropogenic causes. Although the sea level change in this area has been studied for several years, no detailed flooding scenarios have yet been realized to predict the effects of the expected SLR in the coming decades on the coasts and islands of the lagoon due to global warming. From the analysis of geodetic data and climatic projections for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6; SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) released in the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), we estimated the rates of LS, the projected local relative sea level rise (RSLR), and the expected extent of flooded surfaces for 11 selected areas of the Venice Lagoon for the years 2050, 2100, and 2150 AD. Vertical Land Movements (VLM) were obtained from the integrated analysis of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data in the time spans of 1996–2023 and 2017–2023, respectively. The spatial distribution of VLM at 1–3 mm/yr, with maximum values up to 7 mm/yr, is driving the observed variable trend in the RSLR across the lagoon, as also shown by the analysis of the tide gauge data. This is leading to different expected flooding scenarios in the emerging sectors of the investigated area. Scenarios were projected on accurate high-resolution Digital Surface Models (DSMs) derived from LiDAR data. By 2150, over 112 km2 is at risk of flooding for the SSP1-2.6 low-emission scenario, with critical values of 139 km2 for the SSP5-8.5 high-emission scenario. In the case of extreme events of high water levels caused by the joint effects of astronomical tides, seiches, and atmospheric forcing, the RSLR in 2150 may temporarily increase up to 3.47 m above the reference level of the Punta della Salute tide gauge station. This results in up to 65% of land flooding. This extreme scenario poses the question of the future durability and effectiveness of the MoSE (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), an artificial barrier that protects the lagoon from high tides, SLR, flooding, and storm surges up to 3 m, which could be submerged by the sea around 2100 AD as a consequence of global warming. Finally, the expected scenarios highlight the need for the local communities to improve the flood resiliency plans to mitigate the consequences of the expected RSLR by 2150 in the UNESCO site of Venice and the unique environmental area of its lagoon.

Climate change and plastic pollution are two main issues that our world is currently facing, and they are mainly linked through various processes, mechanisms, and chemical blueprint. Emerging issues related to microplastic (MP) contamination in freshwater are expanding and diverse research is being carried out globally. Factors causing climate change are increasing the frequency of extreme weather phenomena such as floods, drought, sea level rise, and heat waves, which can directly or indirectly influence the plastic/MP contamination in various ecosystems including groundwater environments. Here, we review the impacts of extreme weather events on MP contamination in freshwater with a specific focus on groundwater environments. This narrative review shows that flooding can have the most adverse effect on the MP pollution in groundwater environments through recharge events. Drought can also have major effects on MP pollution. Karst, alluvial, and coastal aquifers exhibit the highest levels of MP contamination among various aquifer types. Climate change's impact on different types of aquifers can vary depending on hydrogeological conditions and other factors in the groundwater environment. Prevention and comprehensive solutions are crucial for addressing MPs in the environment, with downstream measures being supplementary to upstream ones.

The Missing Economic Risks in Assessments of Climate Change Impacts Economic assessments of the potential future risks of climate change have been omitting or grossly underestimating many of the most serious consequences for lives and livelihoods because these risks are difficult to quantify precisely and lie outside of human experience. Political and business leaders need to understand the scale of these ‘missing risks’ because they could have drastic and potentially catastrophic impacts on citizens, communities and companies. Scientists are growing in confidence about the evidence for the largest potential impacts of climate change and the rising probability that major thresholds in the Earth’s climate system will be breached as global mean surface temperature rises, particularly if warming exceeds 2°C above the pre-industrial level. These impacts include: (1) Destabilisation of ice sheets and glaciers and consequent sea level rise. (2) Stronger tropical cyclones. (3) Extreme heat impacts. (4) More frequent and intense floods and droughts. (5) Disruptions to oceanic and atmospheric circulation. (6) Destruction of biodiversity and collapse of ecosystems.

overall warming trend, changes to precipitation patterns, and more extreme weather. As the climate changes it impacts the natural environment with effects such Effects of climate change are well documented and growing for Earth's natural environment and human societies. Changes to the climate system include an overall warming trend, changes to precipitation patterns, and more extreme weather. As the climate changes it impacts the natural environment with effects such as more intense forest fires, thawing permafrost, and desertification. These changes imp The ecosystems most immediately threatened by climate change are in the mountains, coral reefs, and the Arctic. Excess heat is causing environmental changes in those locations that exceed the ability of animals to adapt. Species are escaping heat by migrating towards the poles and to higher ground when they can. Sea level rise threatens coastal wetlands with flooding. Decreases in soil moisture in certain locations can cause desertification and damage ecosystems like the Amazon rainforest. At 2 °C (3.6 °F) of warming, around 10% of species on land would become critically endangered. Humans are vulnerable to climate change in many ways. Sources of food and fresh water can be threatened by environmental changes. Human health can be impacted by weather extremes or by ripple effects like the spread of infectious diseases. Economic impacts include changes to agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. Higher temperatures will increasingly prevent outdoor labor in tropical latitudes due to heat stress. Island nations and coastal cities may be inundated by rising sea levels. Some groups of people may be particularly at risk from climate change, such as the poor, children, and indigenous peoples. Industrialised countries, which have emitted the vast majority of CO2, have more resources to adapt to global warming than developing nations do. Cumulative effects and extreme weather events can lead to displacement and migration.

Global warming is a fundamental threat to human civilization. Urgent and comprehensive actions are needed to achieve the Paris Climate Convention goals. This work aims to provide a systematic overview of global warming and its linkages to public healthcare. In a narrative review, we outline causes, consequences, and necessary measures regarding global warming and the implications for public healthcare. Closely linked to our resource behaviours and economic systems, greenhouse gas emissions play a central role in global warming. We are seeing an increase in temperature records and heat waves as well as droughts with crop losses, rising sea levels and, ultimately, effects on the human body and mind. Despite these threats, there is a gap between awareness and action. Measures are urgently needed at a political, innovative, economic and individual level. As a significant greenhouse gas emitter, the public health sector bears responsibility. Healthcare professionals are directly confronted with the impact of global warming through the treatment of people suffering from its effects; they can serve as role models in tackling it. Necessary changes in life (style) do not only involve a more conscious use of our resources, but also hold the chance of creating a new form of social solidarity. Healthcare institutions and professionals play a significant role as emitters, practitioners, and role models in global warming.

<h4>Introduction</h4>Climate change is reshaping the suitability, participation conditions, and risk environment of outdoor activities, but the feedback effects of outdoor activities on climate change remain less synthesized.<h4>Methods</h4>This systematic review searched Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO, Wiley, SpringerLink, and ProQuest for English-language studies published up to December 27, 2024. Following predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and PRISMA 2020 reporting, 47 studies published between 2003 and 2024 were included.<h4>Results</h4>Evidence indicates an asymmetric bidirectional relationship. Climate change affects outdoor activities through rising temperatures, extreme weather, altered precipitation and snow conditions, and environmental degradation, thereby influencing climate suitability, participation behavior, recreation demand, site availability, and health and safety risks. Five themes were identified: climate suitability and activity opportunities; participation behavior and recreation demand; health and safety risks; feedback from outdoor activities to climate change; and adaptation and mitigation strategies. Feedback evidence remains comparatively limited and mainly concerns emissions and ecological pressures associated with transportation, tourism consumption, facility operation, artificial snowmaking, energy use, and resource consumption.<h4>Discussion</h4>Climate-change effects predominate, whereas feedback from outdoor activities plays a secondary but non-negligible role. Future research should distinguish climate suitability from actual participation and strengthen integrated assessments of carbon emissions, adaptation, risk governance, and low-carbon transition pathways in outdoor activities.<h4>Systematic review registration</h4>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42025636854. Unique Identifier: CRD42025636854.

Global warming has been a major threat to Earth for decades; still, this issue has not been taken seriously by many. Although it is proven that one of its main causes is human activity, humanity’s effort towards a safer, healthier planet has been minimal. After years of neglect, global warming has worsened, and its adverse effects have become more severe. This paper aims to underscore the necessity of human efforts and universal contribution to subside the devastating ramifications of global warming. To investigate the past, present, and possible future consequences of global warming, this paper analyzes data mostly obtained from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The paper also presents graphs that clearly illustrate the increases in global sea levels, permafrost temperatures, sea surface temperatures, and concentrations of greenhouse gases. Furthermore, the paper utilizes a linear regression machine learning algorithm, a method widely used by researchers to create predictive models, to depict future trends of the data of the aforementioned subjects. This analysis and visualization of data conclude that a so-called “domino effect” was certainly present as some environmental changes of global warming. To solve the problem of global warming, the paper finally uses the K-neighbor regression method in Python to predict the amount of power generated in the solar power systems of Berkeley, California in an accurate, flexible way.

Extreme heat has tremendous adverse effects on human health. Heat stress is expected to further increase due to urbanization, an aging population, and global warming. Previous research has identified correlations between extreme heat and mortality. However, the underlying physical, behavioral, environmental, and social risk factors remain largely unknown and comprehensive quantitative investigation on an individual level is lacking. We conducted a new cross-sectional household questionnaire survey to analyze individual heat impairment (self-assessed and reported symptoms) and a large set of potential risk factors in the city of Berlin, Germany. This unique dataset ( n = 474) allows for the investigation of new relationships, especially between health/fitness and urban heat stress. Our analysis found previously undocumented associations, leading us to generate new hypotheses for future research: various health/fitness variables returned the strongest associations with individual heat stress. Our primary hypothesis is that age, the most commonly used risk factor, is outperformed by health/fitness as a dominant risk factor. Related variables seem to more accurately represent humans’ cardiovascular capacity to handle elevated temperature. Among them, active travel was associated with reduced heat stress. We observed statistical associations for heat exposure regarding the individual living space but not for the neighborhood environment. Heat stress research should further investi