Gilbert Ryle meant that nothing chatters in a specific philosophical context.
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Reference material explains that in the context of discussing 'nothing chatters', Gilbert Ryle used the term 'nothing' to contextually mean that not even one language user engages in the activity of chattering.
There are two points of difference between the sentences. Note first that 'chatters' has no single meaning but, in the sense Ryle intended, it presumably means what the Oxford English Dictionary says it does : 'talk quickly, incessantly, foolishly or inpportunely' where this is something that (human) language users do. 'Chatters' is a verb : chattering, as indicated above, is something language users do. I chatter just as I talk, laugh, groan. 'Nothing chatters' means (falsely) that nothing does this, nothing engages in the activity of chattering. 'Matters' is a verb meaning 'is of consequence or significance'. 'Nothing matters' means (possibly truly) that nothing is of any consequence or importance. In 'Nothing chatters', 'nothing' means contextually 'not even one language user chatters'- that engages in this activity. In 'Nothing matters', 'nothing' has a wider range and means that the