Famines are a necessary consequence of communist rule

The claim asserts that famines are a necessary consequence of communist rule. Paper [0] explicitly argues that there is no necessary relation between collectivization and famine, as collective agriculture often existed for decades without mass starvation, linking past famines instead to specific overambitious industrialization policies and government decisions. Paper [1] shows that while collectivization caused severe hardship across Soviet regions, it did not always result in mass starvation everywhere. Therefore, the evidence refutes the claim that famine is a necessary outcome.