Ethidium bromide is a potent mutagen and moderate health hazard
Retrieved literature confirms that ethidium bromide is a recognized DNA-interacting agent exhibiting significant toxicity and mutagenic properties.
Papers [1] and [6] directly discuss the high toxicity, mutagenic capacity, and chemical reactivity (such as covalent adduct formation at AP sites) of ethidium bromide, supporting the claim that it is a mutagen and a health hazard. The remaining papers are either about different substances, molecular dynamics without direct health hazard focus, or tangential applications, but none refute the claim.
M. Alnajrani, O. A. Alsager. Decomposition of DNA staining agent ethidium bromide by gamma irradiation: Conditions, kinetics, by-products, biological activity, and removal from wastewater.. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122142
Ethidium bromide is explicitly described as exhibiting high toxicity and mutagenic capacity in aqueous solutions.
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Tanhaul Islam, Saosan Binth Md Amin, Kent S. Gates. The Intercalator Ethidium Bromide Generates Covalent Adducts at Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Sites in DNA.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00378
Ethidium bromide is shown to form covalent adducts at DNA sites, supporting its reactive and mutagenic nature.
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