ESP and out-of-body phenomena are forms of dreaming or hallucination
Scientific literature frames out-of-body phenomena as perceptual anomalies related to sleep states, dreaming, and neurological transitions rather than extrasensory perception.
The retrieved literature includes theoretical and clinical reviews (such as papers 4 and 7) examining out-of-body experiences through the lens of sleep physiology, hypnagogic/hypnopompic states, and lucid dreaming. Conversely, rigorous empirical attempts to validate extrasensory perception (ESP), such as the transparent Psi project in paper 3, fail to replicate paranormal claims, aligning instead with psychological and physiological explanations.
Campillo-Ferrer T, Alcaraz-Sánchez A, Demšar E, Wu HP, Dresler M, Windt J, Blanke O. Out-of-body experiences in relation to lucid dreaming and sleep paralysis: A theoretical review and conceptual model.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105770
Out-of-body experiences are conceptualized and analyzed in relation to sleep transitions, lucid dreaming, and altered states of consciousness.
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Foffani G. To be or not to be hallucinating: Implications of hypnagogic/hypnopompic experiences and lucid dreaming for brain disorders.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad442
Out-of-body experiences are categorized alongside hypnagogic and hypnopompic phenomena as sensory-perceptual variations occurring during sleep-wake transitions rather than literal paranormal events.
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