Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays provide reliable chemical tests for gluten proteins
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Peer-reviewed literature establishes that enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are successfully utilized to detect and measure antibodies and antigens derived from gluten proteins, such as in the evaluation of gluten enteropathy and celiac disease.
As a gold standard technique, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) organically combines immunoreactions between antigens and antibodies with enzyme catalysis. The use of ELISA has contributed to advances in applications such as clinical diagnosis, food quality control, and environmental monitoring. However, conventional ELISA suffer from the moderate sensitivity and reliance on enzyme activity, which make it impossible to reliably and inexpensively detect trace targets. The nanotechnology boom has yielded exciting developments in designing nanomaterial-based improved ELISA in recent years. In this review, we attempt to comprehensively describe the improvements in ELISA methodology based on nanomaterials, with a focus on the mode of signal detection, such as colorimetric, fluorescent, electrochemical, photothermal, and Raman scattering sensing. We particularly emphasized on how nanomaterials are used as loading carriers, enzyme mimics, and signal reporters. This review concerns on partially representative examples and describes novel concepts and promising applications, rather than being exhaustive. Finally, we outline the challenges and perspectives, hopefully provide brief guideline to develop neotype improved ELISA.
Intestinal and serum antibody in coeliac disease: a comparison using ELISA.
Intestinal and serum antibody to antigens derived from gluten and other food proteins in 16 children with coeliac disease and 15 control subjects was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). High concentrations of antibody to gluten antigens were found in children with coeliac disease who were on a diet which contained gluten. This antibody was predominantly in the IgA and IgM classes in intestinal fluid, and in the IgG and IgA classes in serum. When coeliac children transferred to a gluten-free diet for 6 months or more, anti-gluten antibody fell much more rapidly in serum than in intestinal fluid. Although no single measure of antibody, in any immunoglobulin class, to a gluten-derived antigen proved sufficiently discriminating to be suggested as a diagnostic test for coeliac disease, serum antibody, particularly in the IgA class, may be of value in following the progress of patients and in assessing their adherence to a gluten-free diet.
Published in Clinical and experimental immunology (1986)
Gliadin antibody detection in gluten enteropathy.
Circulating antigliadin antibody has been described in patients with gluten enteropathy although the prevalence varies in different studies. It has been suggested that the investigation for antigliadin antibody might be useful as a screening test. The object of the present study was to evaluate two different techniques for assaying these antibodies - an indirect immunofluorescent method and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibodies were assayed in the sera of 102 patients in whom jejunal biopsies were also obtained. The specificity of both tests was greater than 95%, and the correlation between the presence of antibody and histology was significant (p < 0.005), though the sensitivity of each test was less than 70%.
Published in The Ulster medical journal (1986)
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