Environmental elements can act directly as hormones
Environmental elements, particularly endocrine-disrupting chemicals found in consumer products and pollutants, can act directly as exogenous hormones or interfere with normal hormone signaling pathways.
The retrieved papers consistently demonstrate that various environmental chemicals (such as bisphenols, phthalates, and synthetic estrogens) act as endocrine disruptors that mimic, block, or interfere with natural hormones. Because the literature overwhelmingly supports the premise that environmental factors can function as hormonal agents, the verdict is SUPPORTED.
Laura N. Vandenberg. Endocrine Disruptors and Other Environmental Influences on Hormone Action. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190649739.013.5
Reviews how exogenous environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals interfere with natural hormone synthesis, transport, and receptor binding.
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Sudipta Dutta, Sakhila K Banu, Joe A Arosh. Endocrine disruptors and endometriosis.. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.11.007
Details how environmental EDCs such as PCBs and BPA mimic or disrupt estrogen and other hormone pathways to cause disease.
J A McLachlan. Environmental signaling: from environmental estrogens to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and beyond.. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12206
Explains that environmental contaminants act as xenoestrogens and mimic metabolic signaling molecules.
Yanggang Hong, Jiajun Li, Zhuoyi Du, Nuo Xu, Qianru Yang, Jing-Xuan Zhou, Wanyi Shu. Genomic evidence based on eQTL data implicates endocrine disruptors as environmental risk factors for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1097/JS9.0000000000002642
Shows that EDC exposure alters gene expression related to hormone receptor-positive cancers.
Connor C McGuire, Jacques R Robert. Environmental endocrine disruptors and amphibian immunity: A bridge between the thyroid hormone axis and T cell development.. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2022.104617
Examines how environmental chemicals and endocrine signals can perturb hormone physiology like the thyroid axis.
Shujun Huang. Analysis of environmental pollutant Bisphenol F elicited prostate injury targets and underlying mechanisms through network toxicology, molecular docking, and multi-level bioinformatics data integration.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2024.153847
Highlights how environmental pollutants disrupt endocrine pathways and neuroendocrine regulation.
Hao Yao, Jie Yu, Xiao Yang, Jie Xu. Mechanisms of disruption of the gut-brain axis by environmental endocrine disruptors.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119124
Discusses how environmental pollutants disrupt hormone signaling in female reproductive systems.
Neena Roy, Elisa Mascolo, Clara Lazzaretti, Elia Paradiso, Sara D'Alessandro, Kornelia Zaręba, Manuela Simoni, Livio Casarini. Endocrine Disruption of the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Signaling During the Human Antral Follicle Growth.. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.791763
Reviews how chemicals in the environment can inhibit steroidogenesis and disrupt adrenocortical hormones.
Philip W Harvey. Adrenocortical endocrine disruption.. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.10.009
Demonstrates that freshwater organisms express estrogen receptors that respond directly to xeno-hormones and environmental chemicals.
Daniela Stange, Agnes Sieratowicz, Ralf Horres, Jörg Oehlmann. Freshwater mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) estrogen receptor: identification and expression analysis under exposure to (xeno-)hormones.. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.09.003
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