Color vision deficiency (CVD) is an ocular congenital disorder that affects 8% of males and 0.5% of females. The most prevalent form of color vision deficiency (color blindness) affects protans and deutans and is more commonly known as “red–green color blindness”. Since there is no cure for this disorder, CVD patients opt for wearables that aid in enhancing their color perception. The most common wearable used by CVD patients is a form of tinted glass/lens. Those glasses filter out the problematic wavelengths (540–580 nm) for the red–green CVD patients using organic dyes. However, few studies have addressed the fabrication of contact lenses for color vision deficiency, and several problems related to their effectiveness and toxicity were reported. In this study, gold nanoparticles are integrated into contact lens material, thus forming nanocomposite contact lenses targeted for red–green CVD application. Three distinct sets of nanoparticles were characterized and incorporated with the hydrogel material of the lenses (pHEMA), and their resulting optical and material properties were assessed. The transmission spectra of the developed nanocomposite lenses were analogous to those of the commercial CVD wearables, and their water retention and wettability capabilities were superior to those in some of the commercially available contact lenses used for cosmetic/vision correction purposes. Hence, this work demonstrates the potential of gold nanocomposite lenses in CVD management and, more generally, color filtering applications.

Color vision deficiency (CVD) or color blindness is an ocular disorder that hinders the patients from distinguishing shades of certain colors. Color blind patients are often not considered for critical occupations (e.g., military, police) and cannot differentiate colors in public places or media (i.e., watching TV). The most common form of color blindness is red‐green, which is a result of either a missing or defective red or green photoreceptor cone. Since no cure for this disorder exists, sufferers opt for methods to enhance their color perception. The products and methods that have been developed to aid CVD patients are discussed. These technologies include contemporary work on gene therapy, tinted glasses, lenses, optoelectronic glasses, and advanced features developed on smartphones and computers. Among these wearables, tinted glasses, developed by companies such as Enchroma, are the most widely used by CVD patients.

The commercialization of EnChroma glasses has generated great expectations for people to be able to see new colors or even correct color vision deficiency (CVD). We evaluate the effectiveness of these glasses using two complementary strategies for the first time. The first consists of using the three classical types of tests - recognition, arrangement and discrimination - with and without glasses, with a high number of individuals. In the second, we use the spectral transmittance of the glasses to simulate the appearance of stimuli in a set of scenes for normal observers and observers with CVD. The results show that the glasses introduce a variation of the perceived color, but neither improve results in the diagnosis tests nor allow the observers with CVD to have a more normal color vision.

Color vision deficiency (color blindness) is an inherited genetic ocular disorder. While no cure for this disorder currently exists, several methods can be used to increase the color perception of those affected. One such method is the use of color filtering glasses which are based on Bragg filters. While these glasses are effective, they are high cost, bulky, and incompatible with other vision correction eyeglasses. In this work, a rhodamine derivative is incorporated in commercial contact lenses to filter out the specific wavelength bands (≈545-575 nm) to correct color vision blindness. The biocompatibility assessment of the dyed contact lenses in human corneal fibroblasts and human corneal epithelial cells shows no toxicity and cell viability remains at 99% after 72 h. This study demonstrates the potential of the dyed contact lenses in wavelength filtering and color vision deficiency management.

BACKGROUND The prevalence of color vision deficiency (CVD) is about 0.5% in females and 8% in males. Although there is no cure for CVD, specially filtered glasses are purported to improve color contrast. One recent development is the EnChroma filter. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the EnChroma filter on color vision screening (CVS) using Ishihara and Farnsworth D-15 color vision tests. METHODS The medical records of patients with CVD were reviewed retrospectively. Responses to color vision testing with and without the EnChroma filter were evaluated using Ishihara and Farnsworth D-15 tests, and the overall scores were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 38 eyes of 19 patients were included. Mean error scores of no filter compared to EnChroma were significantly reduced in 17 eyes using the Ishihara test (0.88 ± 0.03 vs 0.85 ± 0.03, P = 0.017). The error score significantly reduced only in deutans (P = 0.022), not in protans (P = 0.44). The confusion index of no filter to the EnChroma filter was significantly reduced in 20 eyes using the Farnsworth test (3.30 ± 0.15 vs 2.98 ± 0.17; P = 0.01). The confusion index significantly reduced only in protans (P = 0.01), not in deutans (P = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS In this study cohort, the EnChroma filter significantly reduced overall error scores using the Ishihara and Farnsworth tests; error scores on Ishihara testing reduced only in deutans. Conversely, the confusion index using Farnsworth reduced only in protans. The majority of patients reported subjective increase in color perception.

We investigated the claims of EnChroma that their notch filters aid chromatic discrimination in color-vision deficiencies (CVD). Few research studies have addressed these claims and reports are still inconclusive, mainly due to small sample sizes. We here add to previous research finding little evidence to support the benefits of EnChroma lenses. Comparing the performance of 86 well-categorized CVD observers and 24 controls on two clinical tests we report no overall improvement when EnChroma lenses were worn. In line with previous studies, our results imply an improvement in discrimination for some colors while worsening discrimination for others. A model was constructed computing discrimination changes for different groups of ideal observers corroborating our behavioral outcomes. Taken together, our results do not support the use of EnChroma notch filters for the improvement of color discrimination in CVD.

SIGNIFICANCE Enchroma glasses were designed to improve color vision among color‐blind individuals. The putative aid of such optic filters in alleviating color blindness remains to be demonstrated. Our study shows that the beneficial impacts on color discrimination are quite small in comparison to the undesirable effects. PURPOSE Congenital color blindness is a common genetic anomaly, and there is still no effective aid for affected people. Enchroma glasses are selective filters designed to enhance color discrimination among red‐green color‐blind individuals. However, there is a lack of data supporting their efficiency. The present study aimed to characterize the effect of Enchroma filters on color discrimination. METHODS Colorimetric coordinates of figures from a pseudoisochromatic (American Optical Hardy‐Rand‐Rittler [AO H‐R‐R]) test were measured. Nine color‐blind and five control adult participants performed the AO H‐R‐R test and a color‐naming task using monochromatic stimuli. All data were collected with and without Enchroma filters. RESULTS Colorimetric coordinates of AO H‐R‐R figures were shifted out of their respective pseudoisochromatic line. The AO H‐R‐R error scores of participants with color blindness were not clearly improved by the filters except for the protanopic subgroup. However, the filters promoted a change in the classification of the defect, specifically by increasing protan errors in deutan participants. In the color‐naming task, Enchroma filters impaired perception in all participants, specifically for cyan stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Enchroma filters may affect the nature of a color vision deficiency without necessarily alleviating its severity. Although the performance of protan participants increased in the pseudoisochromatic task with Enchroma filters, this was the only improvement observed across tasks and subgroups. In summary, this study does not support the efficacy of Enchroma filters in correcting color discrimination in color‐blind individuals.

As commercially available glasses for color vision deficiency (CVD) are classified as low risk, they are not subject to stringent marketing regulations. We investigate how EnChroma and VINO glasses affect performance on the Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test in individuals with CVD. Data were obtained from 51 individuals with red-green CVD. Blood or saliva samples were collected to examine the structure of the OPN1LW/OPN1MW array. Individuals completed the CAD test twice without glasses and once with each pair of glasses. Although there was a statistically significant effect of both glasses, only that of VINO could be considered functionally meaningful.

<h4>Background and aims</h4>There is insufficient evidence to support that using electronic or optical color vision devices improve color perception with current advanced technology. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the different color vision devices available for patients with color vision deficiency (CVD) and evaluate whether these devices improved their color perception.<h4>Methods</h4>This review included randomized, experimental, comparative studies, as well as narrative reviews, prototype and innovation studies, and translational studies, followed by case-control and clinical trials with nonsurgical interventions studies, that is, electronic color vision devices, optical devices, and contact lens-based studies, with standardized inclusion and exclusion criteria.<h4>Results</h4>The primary outcome studied was the performance of color vision devices, both objective and subjective. Secondary outcomes included the ease of use and accessibility of color vision devices and technology. The grading of recommendation, assessment, development, and evaluation framework was used to develop a systematic approach for consideration and clinical practice recommendation for CVD devices for color-deficient populations. We incorporated meta-analysis reports from a total of <i>n</i> = 16 studies that met the criteria which consisted of case-control studies, prototype and innovation studies, comparative studies, pre- and post-clinical trial studies, case studies, and narrative reviews. Proportion and standard errors, as well as correlations, were calculated from the meta-analysis for various available color vision devices.<h4>Conclusion</h4>This review concludes that commercially available color vision devices, such as EnChroma Glasses, Chromagen filters, and EnChroma Cx-14 do not provide clinically significant evidence that subjective color perception has improved. As a result, recommending these color vision devices to the CVD population may not prove high beneficial/be counterproductive. However, only a few color shades can be perceived differently. This systematic review and analysis will aid future research and development in color vision devices.

Color blindness is a retinal disease that mainly manifests as a color vision disorder, characterized by achromatopsia, red-green color blindness, and blue-yellow color blindness. With the development of technology and progress in theory, extensive research has been conducted on the genetic basis of color blindness, and various approaches have been explored for its treatment. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of recent advances in understanding the pathological mechanism, clinical symptoms, and treatment options for color blindness. Additionally, we discuss the various treatment approaches that have been developed to address color blindness, including gene therapy, pharmacological interventions, and visual aids. Furthermore, we highlight the promising results from clinical trials of these treatments, as well as the ongoing challenges that must be addressed to achieve effective and long-lasting therapeutic outcomes. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the current state of research on color blindness, with the intention of informing further investigation and development of effective treatments for this disease.

Manufacturers of notch filter-based aids for color vision claim that their products can enhance color perception for people with anomalous trichromacy, a form of color vision deficiency (CVD). Anecdotal reports imply that people with CVD can have radically enhanced color vision when using the filters. However, existing empirical research largely focussed on the effect of notch filters on performance on diagnostic tests for CVD has not found that they have any substantial effect. Informed by a model of anomalous trichromatic color vision, we selected stimuli predicted to reveal the effects of EnChroma filters. Using these stimuli, we tested the ability of EnChroma filters to enhance color vision for 10 deuteranomalous trichromats in three experiments: 1. asymmetric color matching between test and control filter conditions, 2. color discrimination measured using four alternative forced-choice, and 3. color appearance measured using dissimilarity ratings to reconstruct subjective color spaces using multidimensional scaling. To investigate potential effects of long-term adaptation or perceptual learning, participants completed all three experiments at two time points, on first exposure to the filters, and after a week of regular use. We found a significant effect of the filters on color matches in the direction predicted by the model at both time points, implying that the filters can enhance the anomalous trichromatic color gamut. However, we found minimal effect of the filters on color discrimination at threshold. We found a significant effect of the filters in enhancing the appearance of colors along the red-green axis at the first time point, and a trend in the same direction at the second time point. Our results provide the first quantitative experimental evidence that notch filters can enhance color perception for anomalous trichromats.

AbstractIn the last 2 decades, there has been a resurgence of the idea that passive aids such as colour filters can be an effective solution to compensate colour vision deficiency (CVD) or improve colour vision for subjects with CVD. We examine briefly the scientific evidence that has to date been gathered to study the reliability of these aids. In the light of our experience working in this field, we reflect on several related issues: why this question has not been elucidated before, how a filter would have to be designed for a specific task, and the importance of developing a personalised colour space for subjects with CVD to gain some insight into the effect of aids.

EnChroma are a brand of color corrective lenses designed to address the symptoms of red–green color blindness. Studies have shown that these lenses can alter the appearance of colors, but they do not restore normal color vision, and generally agree that they do not allow the wearer to see "new" colors. Several peer-reviewed studies have nonetheless reported positive effects among anomalous trichr EnChroma lenses are composed primarily of an optical notch filter that selectively filters wavelengths of light in the part of the spectrum where the M- and L-opsin sensitivities overlap, namely 530-560 nm, thereby removing light that excites both opsin types and decorrelating the signals between the M- and L-cones. EnChroma claims that the notch filter effectively re-separates the spectral sensitivities of the opsins, increasing the dynamic range of the red–green opponent process channel closer to that of color normal subjects, thereby correcting anomalous trichromacy (partial color blindness) and enabling users to distinguish colors they could not distinguish without the glasses. A number of patents have been granted based on the technology. The American Optometric Association reports that "Using specially tinted eyeglasses... can increase some people's ability to differentiate between colors, though nothing can make them truly see the deficient color." The first study to incite popular skepticism of EnChroma was a 2018 study published in Optics Express, where 48 colorblind subjects performed the Ishihara test, FM-100 test and a color naming test with and without EnChroma indoor lenses. The results showed no significant improvement to the performance on any of the color vision tests. The study also claimed that only one participant noticed any difference in the colors in the test environment, when prompted, and the results "cast doubt on the real effectiveness these devices have on the color vision of observers with CVD." The study also showed that the mistakes made in the color naming test changed with the lenses on, suggesting that while contrast between some colors increases with the glasses on, it comes at the expense of lower contrast in others, i.e. making some mistakes with the glasses on only. In an attempt to explain some of the emotional reaction used in EnChroma advertisements, the study's lead author stated that "The use of a colored filter may change the appearance of colors, but will never make color vision more similar to a normal observer's vision. It's like turning up the contrast on a TV, which for some people can be startling enough to…

Correcting chemistry’s colors Driving while color-blind is dangerous: Green stoplights look white and are often hard to distinguish from streetlights. So you guess or get help. A company called EnChroma now makes lenses that it claims “enhance the vibrancy and saturation of colors and help the color-blind discriminate between colors that can be hard to see.” But EnChroma is careful to say its glasses are “not a cure, a fix, or a correction for color blindness,” says Kent Streeb, director of marketing at EnChroma. Newscripts wanted to delve into the science of the special spectacles and see how the technology might help color-blind scientists in the lab. Human color vision is based on three types of light-sensitive cells in the eye. Called cones, the cells respond to blue, green, and red light. The brain calculates perceived color by measuring how strongly the different types of cells are stimulated by the

of color. The severity of color blindness ranges from mostly unnoticeable to full absence of color perception. Color blindness is usually a sex-linked inherited Color blindness or color vision deficiency (CVD) is the decreased ability to see color, differences in color, or distinguish shades of color. The severity of color blindness ranges from mostly unnoticeable to full absence of color perception. Color blindness is usually a sex-linked inherited problem or variation in the functionality of one or more of the three classes of cone cells in the retina, Color…