Early modern Western linguistics and its clinical applications exhibit systemic cultural and monolingual biases, as frameworks are predominantly built around idealized monolingual Western speakers and overlook global linguistic diversity.
The retrieved papers include direct evidence demonstrating that linguistic assessment tools and aphasiology frameworks have historically relied on monolingual and Eurocentric norms, creating systemic biases. Paper 4 highlights the limitations of monolingual-centric approaches in language testing, and Paper 9 examines how idealized monolingual speakers remain at the center of linguistic and clinical theories, reflecting systemic bias in Western frameworks. Other papers are off-topic.