One of the most popular currently available tobacco products is the heated tobacco product (HTP), which heats nicotine and other chemical substances into a vapor for inhalation. The aim of the present review was to clarify the effects of exposure to HTP, which currently remain unclear. A literature search of Web of Science, Scopus, ClinicalKey, and PubMed was conducted. The search identified 55 studies on humans and human cells in vitro (mostly independent, i.e., not funded by the tobacco sector) published from February 2021 to May 2025. Studies evaluating the effects of HTP use on the cardiovascular system indicate an increase in blood pressure, heart rate, platelet clot formation, and an enhanced inflammatory response, which is often followed by endothelial dysfunction. Increases in white blood cell counts, pro-inflammatory cytokines, leukocytes, eosinophils, platelets, IL-6, IL-2, IL-8, total NNAL, and 2,3-d-TXB2 were also observed. The studies suggest a positive correlation between HTP use and the occurrence of respiratory diseases, with particular negative effects observed on lung physiology, human bronchial epithelial cells, acute eosinophilic pneumonia, allergies, and asthma. Our findings indicate that the use of HTP is associated with possible adverse effects on the reproductive system. The review also identified new studies on the health effects of HTP use during pregnancy on the fetus, newborn, and mothers. Further research is needed to determine the short-term and long-term health effects of using HTP products.

substance use experience and friends’ smoking. Current EC use was also significantly associated with high caffeine intake in adolescents with asthma. Case-crossover study: A cause-and-effect relationship could not be established. The self-reported nature introduces the possibility of misclassification in the dataset. Tran 2020 [ 75 ] Cross-sectional database survey 186,036 adults who responded question about EC use (23,071 with asthma) Former or current traditional cigarette use were significantly associated with both EC use on some days and every day in adults with asthma. The self-reported nature introduces the possibility of misclassification in the dataset. Case-crossover study: A cause-and-effect relationship could not be established. Reddy 2021 [ 49 ] Case series 6 patients (3 with asthma) 6 patients with a median age of 17 years presented with EVALI and half of them had a preexisting diagnosis of asthma. All patients reported tetrahydrocannabinol as well as nicotine EC use. Case series. Rodriguez 2020 [ 107 ] Case report 1 patient with a history of childhood asthma A 23-year-old male, with a history of childhood asthma developed EVALI mimicking COVID-19 disease after smoking marijuana through an EC. Case report. Chawla 2020 [ 108 ] Case report 1 patient with a history of mild intermittent asthma A 15-year-old male with a history of mild intermittent asthma presented with EVALI after using an EC with a new tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cartridge. Case report. Clawson 2020 [ 66 ] Cross-sectional web-based survey 178 college students with asthma High rates of nicotine and cannabis use among young adults with asthma were found: 37% reporting a lifetime history of using both nicotine and cannabis. Case-crossover study: A cause-and-effect relationship could not be established. Alanazi 2021 [ 78 ] Cross-sectional survey 283 youth and young adults from Alabama (151 with asthma) The frequency of cannabis use in the past 30 days moderated the relationship between asthma