Downloadable worldwide databases exist for global disease statistics.
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Multiple peer-reviewed studies and official records confirm the existence of worldwide databases and datasets—such as the Global Burden of Disease database and electronic public health reporting systems—that track global disease statistics.
Summary Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a growing public health concern worldwide, as one of the leading causes of vision impairment. We aimed to estimate global, national, and region-specific prevalence and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) along with tobacco as a modifiable risk factor to aid public policy addressing AMD. Methods Data on AMD were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study 2021 database in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2021. Vision impairment was defined and categorised by severity as follows: moderate to severe vision loss (visual acuity from <6/18 to 3/60) and blindness (visual acuity <3/60 or a visual field <10 degrees around central fixation). The burden of vision impairment attributable to AMD was subsequently estimated. These estimates were further stratified by geographical region, age, year, sex, Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) levels. Additionally, the effect of tobacco use, a modifiable risk factor, on the burden of AMD was analysed, and projections of AMD burden were estimated through to 2050. These projections also included scenario modelling to assess the potential effects of tobacco elimination. Findings Globally, the number of individuals with vision impairment due to AMD more than doubled, rising from 3·64 million (95% uncertainty inverval [UI] 3·04–4·35) in 1990 to 8·06 million (6·71–9·82) in 2021. Similarly, DALYs increased by 91% over the same period, from 0·30 million (95% UI 0·21–0·42) to 0·58 million (0·40–0·80). By contrast, age-standardised prevalence and DALY rates declined, with prevalence rates decreasing by 5·53% (99·50 per 100 000 of the population [95% UI 83·16–118·04] in 1990 to 94·00 [78·32–114·42] in 2021) and DALY rates dropping by 19·09% (8·38 [5·70–11·53] to 6·78 [4·70–9·32]). These rates showed a consistent decrease in higher SDI quintiles, reflecting the negative correlation between HAQ Index and AMD burden. A general downward trend was observed from 1990 to 2021, with the largest age-standardised reduction occurring in the low-middle SDI quintile. The global contribution of tobacco to age-standardised DALYs decreased by 20%, declining from 12·45% (95% UI 7·73–17·37) in 1990 to 9·96% (6·12–14·06) in 2021. By 2050, the number of individuals affected by AMD is projected to increase from 3·40 million males (95% UI 2·81–4·17) in 2021 to 9·02 million (5·72–14·20) and from 4·66 million females (3·88–5·65) to 12·32 million (8·88–17·08). Eliminating tobacco use could reduce these numbers to 8·17 million males (5·59–11·92) and 11·15 million females (8·58–14·48) in 2050. Interpretation While the total prevalence and DALYs due to AMD have steadily increased from 1990 to 2021, age-standardised prevalence and DALY rates have declined, probably reflecting the effect of population ageing and growth. The consistent decrease in age-standardised rates with higher SDI levels highlights the crucial role of health-care resources and public policies in mitigating AMD-related vision impairment. The downward trend observed from 1990 to 2021 might also be partially attributed to the reduced effect of tobacco as a modifiable risk factor, with declines in tobacco use seen globally and across all SDI quintiles. The burden of vision impairment due to AMD is projected to increase to about 21·34 million in 2050. However, effective tobacco regulation has the potential to substantially reduce AMD-related vision impairment, particularly in lower SDI quintiles where health-care resources are limited. Funding Gates Foundation.
Abstract Background The recent increase in human mpox (monkeypox) cases emphasizes the importance of early detection, prompt response and preventive management to control the spread of the disease. Healthcare workers (HCWs) play a crucial role in this process. This study aimed to determine the global knowledge and attitudes towards mpox among HCWs. Methods This study searched multiple databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, Web of Science, Embase, Springer and ProQuest, to locate various publications. The search was limited to English-language articles published between May 2022 (when the increase in mpox incidence was reported) and August 2023. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality checklist was utilized to evaluate the quality of the included studies. Data were obtained using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and subsequently scrutinized through STATA software, version 14. The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using the inverse variance and Cochran Q statistics based on the I2 test statistics. The Dersimonian and Liard random effects models were used where heterogeneity existed. Subgroup analysis and univariate and multivariable metaregression techniques were used to examine the causes of heterogeneity. Results A total of 22 studies, including 22 studies for knowledge (27 731 HCWs) and 6 studies for attitudes (14 388 HCWs), were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled estimates for good knowledge and positive attitudes among HCWs were 26.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.8 to 34.2) and 34.6% (95% CI 19.0 to 50.2), respectively. Moreover, the knowledge was 34.8% (95% CI 24.1 to 45.6) among HCWs with <5 y of work experience and 41.6% (95% CI 33.1 to 50) among individuals possessing >5 y of professional background. Conclusions Good knowledge of HCWs is at a low level. It is suggested that training sessions should be tailored towards younger HCWs with less healthcare experience. Additionally, it is essential to identify strategies on how to improve the knowledge and attitudes for better practice about the disease in HCWs worldwide.
Background Fungal skin diseases represent pervasive global health concerns, predominantly arising from dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds. Objective This study aimed to estimate the disease burden associated with fungal skin diseases in 2021. Additionally, it sought to analyze trends from 1990 to 2021 and forecast future patterns. Methods This observational study first utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database covering the years 1990 to 2021. We specifically used data from GBD 2021 to evaluate the global incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), disaggregated by age, gender, socio-demographic index (SDI), and GBD regions. Linear regression models were then employed to identify temporal trends, estimating the annual percentage change. Cluster analysis examined disparities across 45 GBD regions. To forecast future disease burden, we applied the age-period-cohort model and the autoregressive integrated moving average model. Conclusion In 2021, there were approximately 1.73 billion global cases of fungal skin diseases. Males had higher age-standardized rates for incidence, prevalence, and DALYs compared to females. Age-specific analyses showed that although younger groups experienced the highest incidence rates, ASRs increased with age, especially among older populations. Regionally, low and middle SDI areas faced the greatest burden, with Asia having the highest incidence and Oceania the lowest. Projections suggest significant increases in incidence, prevalence, and DALYs, notably in middle- and low-income regions. These results highlight meaningful spatiotemporal disparities in fungal skin diseases and emphasize the need for strategic allocation of resources to mitigate these challenges and reduce the growing burden across various global populations.
Background Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a common cancer in children and adolescents, severely affecting their survival and health. With the discovery of new drugs and improved treatment options, the survival rate of ALL in children and adolescents has improved significantly. Methods We used the GBD (global burden of disease) database to collect patients aged 0–19 years (0–5 years, 5–9 years, 10–14 years, 15–19 years) diagnosed with ALL between 1990 and 2021. Disease status and change were analyzed by learning about the prevalence, death, incidence, DALYs (disability-adjusted life years), percentage change, and the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). Results In 2021, there were 53,485 new cases of childhood and adolescent ALL, 23,991 deaths, and an estimated 1960,922 DALYs. Incidence, deaths and DALYs have declined globally, with only a rise in low-SDI regions. In 2021, middle-SDI regions have the highest cases of prevalence, incidence, deaths, and DALYs, accounting for approximately one-third of the global total. High-SDI regions have the lowest deaths and DALYs. East Asia has the highest prevalence and incidence. Australasia has the lowest death and DALYs. From 1990 to 2021, children and adolescent ALL deaths and DALYs show a declining trend in about 72.5% of countries, with only Sub-Saharan Africa showing an increase. The prevalence of ALL in children and adolescents is higher in males, with the highest cases in patients under 5 years of age. Conclusion Our study highlights the trend of decreasing deaths and DALYs of ALL in children and adolescents. However, there is a need to improve healthcare prevention and timely standardized treatment in developing countries and less developed regions.
<h4>Background</h4>Bladder cancer (BC), a prevalent genitourinary malignancy, poses a substantial threat to public health, particularly among middle-aged and elderly populations. Given the increasing life expectancy, understanding the BC burden in these demographic groups is imperative.<h4>Methods</h4>Based on the GBD 2021 dataset encompassing 371 diseases and injuries with 88 risk factors globally, this study analyzed bladder cancer data from 204 countries and territories (1990-2021) for populations aged ≥55 years, with core metrics including incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). We used Joinpoint regression analysis to assess temporal trends, calculating the Annual Percentage Change (APC) and Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC). We conducted a decomposition analysis to break down the changes in mortality rates into contributions from aging, population growth, and epidemiological changes. We performed a frontier analysis using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) to evaluate the relationship between bladder cancer burden in people aged 55 and above and socio-demographic development. Among them, we further combined the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database for risk analysis related to bladder cancer. Finally, we used the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model to project bladder cancer trends from 2022 to 2036.<h4>Results</h4>From 1990 to 2021, bladder cancer cases among adults ≥55 years increased by 113% (226 421 to 483 234), while crude incidence rates declined slightly. Mortality rates decreased from 16.83 to 14.11 per 100 000, and DALYs rates dropped from 337.59 to 257.76. High-income regions (North America: 76.85/100 000; Western Europe: 77.62/100 000) had the highest incidence but showed downward trends, whereas Central Europe experienced rising mortality. Males consistently bore a 3.8-fold higher incidence burden than females. Smoking (26.6%) and high fasting glucose (8.2%) were key risk factors. According to NHANES data, elevated fasting blood glucose levels and smoking are both associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. Projections to 2036 suggest continued declines: incidence (-13.3%), mortality (-16.4%), and DALYs (-17.9%). Health inequality persisted but improved marginally.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The current data and future prediction of this study show that the incidence rate, mortality and DALYs rate of bladder cancer in middle-aged and elderly people have declined. However, disparities in disease burden still exist across regions. Thus, tailored measures are needed to reduce inequalities in high-burden areas.
Wastewater systems worldwide can transport bacterial pathogens alongside antimicrobial resistance genes and pharmaceutical residues. The presence of these pathogens and resistance genes in wastewater systems poses significant public health risks, especially in regions like Ethiopia, where limited wastewater treatment and sanitation infrastructure exist. The spread of infectious diseases and the exacerbation of antimicrobial resistance through wastewater can contribute to the growing global health challenge, with specific implications for local healthcare systems. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of bacterial pathogens and their multidrug resistance patterns within wastewater and drinking water systems in Ethiopia, focusing on both hospital and non-hospital environments. A comprehensive search was conducted across electronic databases and grey literature using relevant terms and phrases. Studies meeting the eligibility criteria were extracted into MS Excel and analyzed using STATA version 17 software. A random-effects model was employed to estimate the pooled prevalence of bacterial pathogens in hospital and non-hospital wastewater. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochrane Q test and I² statistics, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger’s test. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to determine the influence of individual studies on the overall effect size. Studies included in the meta-analysis reported the prevalence of bacterial species and their corresponding multidrug resistance phenotypes. Out of 472 studies initially identified, 80 met the eligibility criteria for full-text review. Of these, 17 studies were included in the meta-analysis, comprising a total of 848 wastewater and 325 drinking water samples and 2,961 bacterial strains. The most frequently identified bacterium was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (or related species), with an overall prevalence of 41.25% (95% CI: 10.04–81.46%). The pooled prevalence of bacterial pathogens in hospital and non-hospital wastewater systems in Ethiopia was 70.02% (95% CI: 59.90–80.13%), exhibiting substantial heterogeneity (I² = 99.1%, p < 0.001) and the data provides environmental measurements across different categories: wastewater 82.57% (CI: 72.88–92.25%), drinking water 42.18% (CL:10.33, 88.83%). Additionally, the overall prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains in wastewater was 65.26% (95% CI: 57.23–75.30%), with high heterogeneity (I² = 98.6%, p < 0.001) across different bacterial species and study settings. This systematic review and meta-analysis reveal high levels of bacterial contamination and multidrug resistance within Ethiopian wastewater systems, with significant variability across studies. The findings highlight the urgent need for enhanced wastewater management and monitoring to tackle these public health issues. Future research should focus on standardizing methodologies and investigating the sources of variability to effectively manage and mitigate the risks associated with wastewater systems.
During recent decades, allergy related diseases have emerged as a growing area of concern in developing regions of the world, including Africa. Worldwide prevalence of allergic diseases has grown to an estimated 262 million for asthma, 400 million for allergic rhinitis (or hay fever), 171 million with atopic dermatitis (or eczema), and over 200 million for food allergy. In Africa, considerable variability exists in the data surrounding prevalence at the continent-wide, regional, and study site levels. Furthermore, research conducted in many rural areas and underdeveloped countries in Africa remains limited, and presently, little has been done to characterize and map the extremely heterogeneous body of literature which confounds research efforts. This scoping review will seek to identify studies examining the prevalence, management strategies, outcomes, and associated risk factors for allergy related diseases in Africa. The Joanna Briggs Institute’s scoping review methods will be followed, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) was used for writing the protocol. Four databases (Embase, Global Health, PubMed, African Journals Online) will be searched for literature published from 2003 to 2023 in any language. Title and abstract screening and full-text screening will be completed by two independent reviewers using Covidence; conflicts resolved by a third reviewer. Data will be extracted using Covidence by two reviewers independently. To report the results, we will follow the PRISMA-ScR checklist and report descriptive statistics and a narrative summary.
Sarcopenia is characterized by progressive loss of muscle strength, mass, and function, representing a major public health concern, particularly in aging populations. According to incomplete statistics, approximately 10-30% of older adults worldwide are affected by sarcopenia, this health issue has imposed substantial impacts on global public health systems and economic burdens. Due to the disease’s multifactorial pathogenesis, no targeted pharmacotherapies currently exist. Research indicates that nutritional intervention, as a complementary alternative therapy, promotes muscle protein synthesis and maintains musculoskeletal health. However, the efficacy of nutritional therapy remains controversial due to sarcopenia’s multifactorial etiology. This study systematically evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of protein-based multinutritional interventions for sarcopenia through a high-quality meta-analysis. We systematically searched electronic databases from inception to January 6, 2025, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid/MEDLINE, and ProQuest. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) meeting the inclusion criteria were subjected to meta-analysis using STATA 17.0 for statistical computations. A total of 10 studies involving 1,359 participants with intervention durations ranging from 12 to 48 weeks were included. The meta-analysis demonstrated significant improvements with nutritional therapy: handgrip strength (HGS) (MD = 0.33 kg, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.60), gait speed (GS) (MD = 0.15 m/s, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.28), and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) levels (MD = 0.49 ng/mL, 95% CI: 0.33 to 0.65). Compared to placebo, no statistically significant differences were observed for Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (SMD = 0.06, 95% CI: -0.12 to 0.23), chair-stand time (MD = -0.15 s, 95% CI: -0.37 to 0.07), or Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI) (MD = 0.61 kg/m², 95% CI: -0.41 to 1.64). Protein-based multinutrient therapy significantly improved HGS, GS, and IGF-1 levels in patients with sarcopenia, but showed no significant effects on SPPB scores, chair-stand time, or SMI. The included studies were generally of high quality, and the results are relatively reliable, however, more high-quality RCTs are needed for further validation.
PHLIS: an electronic system for reporting public health data from remote sites.
Disease surveillance conducted by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in conjunction with state health departments provides databases of information to public health workers. These databases' utility is limited by the lag time from occurrence of disease events until records are available for analysis. We developed the Public Health Laboratory Information System (PHLIS), a PC-based electronic reporting system for entering, editing, and analyzing data locally and for transmitting data electronically to other state or federal offices. Advantages of PHLIS include reduction in paper handling, decrease in lag time between disease incident and availability of information for analysis, ability to rapidly examine data for clusters of disease, downloadable summary tables, data editing at site of input, data analysis capability, increased interaction among participants, and current data for responses to inquiries. PHLIS is available without cost and is transportable to other agencies, states, or countries.
Published in American journal of public health (1992)
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major global health issue, and it has also become one of the major diseases in Arab countries. In addition to the exome databases that have already been established, whole exome sequencing data for the Greater Middle East are now available. To elucidate the genetic features of T2D in the Arabian Peninsula, we integrated two exome databases (gnomAD exome and the Greater Middle East Variome Project) with clinical information from the ClinVar. After the integration, we obtained 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms and found two statistically and clinically significant var
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