BackgroundFrailty is characterized by multisystem dysregulations leading to reduced physiological reserve with greater vulnerability to morbidity and mortality. Community asset interventions have emerged as multidimensional approaches to supporting people with frailty that improve quality of life, strengthen social bonds, and promote wellbeing. While community participation is associated with a higher quality of life, robust evidence on the economic effectiveness of these approaches in populations with or at risk of frailty remains scarce.MethodsA systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered on PROSPERO. Five databases were searched from January 2000 to August 2025. Two reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full texts using the Covidence systematic review management software. A narrative synthesis was conducted following Synthesis without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines.ResultsTwelve studies were included in the review. Five studies were cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA), three applied cost-consequence analyses (CCA), three investigated healthcare resource utilization (HRU)/modeling, and one applied cost–benefit analysis (CBA). Results varied according to methodology, outcome measures, and follow-up periods. In the CEA studies, four interventions were reported as dominant (less costly and more effective than usual care). CCA and HRU/modeling evidence reported inconsistent findings but indicated cost reductions through fewer hospitalizati

Background: Intensive Care Units (ICUs) provide essential therapies but are among the most resource-intensive areas of healthcare. Rising demand and escalating costs highlight the need for robust cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) to support efficient resource allocation. This review systematically synthesizes the available economic evaluations of ICU interventions and, where feasible, conducts meta-analyses to assess their value and inform policy, clinical decision-making, and future research. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines, registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251130870). Eligible studies were trial-based economic evaluations in adult ICU populations, reporting cost-effectiveness outcomes such as cost per life-year gained, life saved, or adverse event avoided. A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with data extracted independently by two reviewers. Costs were standardized to 2024 USD. Pooled estimates were synthesized using the Incremental Net Benefit (INB) framework. Results: From 5003 records, 15 trial-based economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria. Studies spanned diverse regions and ICU populations, assessing pharmacological, preventive, and organizational interventions. Reported ICERs ranged from $6904 to $69,346 per life-year gained and $51,664 to $476,499 per life saved, with several preventive and protocol-based strategies found to be dominant. Eight studies contributed

End-of life care is in need of improvement, yet little is known about the effectiveness or cost of various end-of-life therapies. Economic analyses are used to help make decisions between two or more therapies when resources are constrained. In this chapter, we review the various types of economic analyses, the costs of dying, and how healthcare reform has impacted these costs. Finally, we discuss the unique issues associated with cost-effectiveness studies of palliative therapy, with emphasis on the problem of calculating a cost-effectiveness ratio when there is no good measurement for valuing the quality of death. It is likely that methods for conducting a cost-effectiveness analyses for end-of-life care will need to evolve or alternative strategies such as cost-benefit analysis or distributive justice will be needed to inform resource allocation decisions. As the national debate about healthcare costs, access, and quality continues, we will increasingly turn to economic analyses to help make resource allocation decisions. Cost-effectiveness analysis will continue to be the most popular form of economic analysis because it combines the results (effectiveness of treatment) with the costs of achieving the results. We must be aware of the limitations of cost-effectiveness analyses and the need for value judgments when using cost-effectiveness analyses to inform healthcare decisions.

aspects of healthcare systems: Improved decision making: HTA aids in making better health financing decisions, including resource allocation and policy formulation Health technology assessment (HTA) is a multidisciplinary process that uses systematic and explicit methods to evaluate the properties and effects of a health technology. Health technology is conceived as any intervention (test, device, medicine, vaccine, procedure, program) at any point in its lifecycle (pre-market, regulatory approval, post-market, disinvestment). The purpose of HTA is to inform Health technology assessment (HTA) is a multidisciplinary process that uses systematic and explicit methods to evaluate the properties and effects of a health technology. Health technology is conceived as any intervention (test, device, medicine, vaccine, procedure, program) at any point in its lifecycle (pre-market, regulatory approval, post-market, disinvestment). The purpose of HTA is to inform "decision-making in order to promote an equitable, efficient, and high-quality health system". It has other definitions including "a method of evidence synthesis that considers evidence regarding clinical effectiveness, safety, cost-effectiveness and, when broadly applied, includes social, ethical, and legal aspects of the use of health technologies. The precise balance of these inputs depends on the purpose of each individual HTA. A major use of HTAs is in informing reimbursement and coverage decisions by insurers and national health systems, in which case HTAs should include benefit-harm assessment and economic evaluation." And "a multidisciplinary process that summarises information about the medical, social, economic and ethical issues related to the use of a health technology in a systematic, transparent, unbiased, robust manner. Its aim is to inform the formulation of safe, effective, health policies that are patient focused and seek to achieve… Improved decision making: HTA aids in making better health financing decisions, including resource allocation and policy formulation. Enhanced transparency and accountability: The most evident benefit of HTA is its role in improving the clarity and responsibility of healthcare decisions. Economic impact: While HTA can generate cost savings in specific areas, its overall impact on the fiscal sustainability of healthcare systems in MICs remains unclear. It was also noted that HTA's influence extends to the broader health system goals, such as health gain, equity in health, and responsiveness to patient needs. However, the impact on direct health gains and financial protection of households is less pronounced. The study emphasizes the gradual adoption of HTA in MICs and the necessity for continuous assessment of its impact.

Emerging medical technologies hold significant promise for enhancing patient care; however, thorough assessment is necessary before their integration into healthcare systems. Health Technology Assessment (HTA) is a key tool that helps evaluate the benefits, costs, and impacts of these new health interventions. In India, the government’s Universal Health Coverage (UHC) initiative emphasizes the critical role of HTA in making informed healthcare decisions and optimizing resource utilization. This study used a retrospective evaluation design to analyse four HTA studies conducted in India. We focused on measuring the return on investment (ROI) of these interventions to understand the economic and health impacts of these interventions. The impact of the four health interventions demonstrate substantial economic gains and health benefits, with returns ranging from 8.5 to 3,906 USD per dollar invested. Overall, all four interventions demonstrate effective health outcomes and substantial economic returns relative to their costs. This study emphasizes the crucial role of HTA in guiding healthcare investments and ensuring judicious allocation of resources in India’s plan for Universal Health Coverage. By using systematic evaluations, HTA helps make better use of healthcare resources, leading to a more sustainable and effective healthcare system. Future studies should look at the long-term implementation of decisions made using HTA, especially on health outcomes and cost efficiency, to improve community health and well-being.

Drug-resistant epilepsy negatively impacts the quality of life and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and high costs to the healthcare system. Cannabis-based treatments may be effective in reducing seizures in this population, but whether they are cost-effective is unclear. In this systematic review, we will search for cost-effectiveness analyses involving the treatment of pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy with cannabis-based products to inform decision-making by public healthcare payers about reimbursement of such products. We will also search for cost-effectiveness analyses of other pharmacologic treatments for pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy, as well as estimates of healthcare resource use, costs, and utilities, for use in a subsequent cost-utility analysis to address this decision problem.We will search the published and gray literature for economic evaluations of cannabis-based products and other pharmacologic treatments for pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy, as well as resource utilization and utility studies. Two independent reviewers will screen the title and abstract of each identified record and the full-text version of any study deemed potentially relevant. Study and population characteristics, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), as well as total costs and benefits, will be extracted, and quality will be assessed by use of the Drummond and CHEERS checklists; context-specific issues will also be considered. From model-based cost-util

Making the case for consultation-liaison psychiatry: issues in cost-effectiveness analysis. There is an increasing need to rationally allocate scarce resources to improve the efficiency of health care and reduce costs. Evidence suggests that consultation-liaison psychiatry has important clinical and economic benefits. This article defines cost-effectiveness and cost benefit analyses, describes basic principles for CEA and in that context critiques recent literature relevant to consultation-liaison psychiatry, and discusses potential contributions and dangers that such studies might offer. There is a need within the health care field for systemic and sophisticated decisions by policy makers. Well designed and comprehensively analyzed studies of the cost-effectiveness of consultation-liaison programs will not only contribute toward advancing the field of consultation-liaison psychiatry but also toward informing the decisions of health policy makers. Published in General hospital psychiatry (1984)

Abstract Background: Obesity imposes a heavy burden on healthcare systems and society. Despite various treatment options, choosing cost-effective pharmacological interventions remains a key concern for health policymakers. This study systematically reviews economic evaluations of antiobesity drugs, comparing their costs and outcomes with those of lifestyle interventions. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase) were searched for full economic evaluations of FDA-approved antiobesity drugs, including semaglutide, liraglutide, tirzepatide, phentermine-topiramate, and orlistat. Inclusion criteria required studies to report cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, or cost-benefit outcomes. Data on incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), quality-adjusted life years (QALY), or disability-adjusted life years (DALY) were extracted and adjusted to 2024 USD using PPP. Study quality was assessed using CHEERS 2022. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Most used Markov models and cost-effectiveness analyses. The review of articles showed that 60% of the articles were conducted in the United States of America, 33.33% of the articles in Europe, and 6.66% of the articles in Australia. Among the reviewed studies, semaglutide was found to be the most cost-effective and clinically effective drug in most scenarios. Phen

Background: Health economic parameters are increasingly considered as variables in health care decisions, but decision makers are interested in country-specific evaluations. However, a large number of studies are performed in foreign countries or in a multinational setting, which limits the transferability to a single nation’s context. Objective: The present analysis summarises several of the most common international methods for generating health economic analyses based on clinical studies from different settings. Methods: A narrative literature review was performed to identify potential reas

combined estimates of cost- effectiveness (e.g. incremental cost-effectiveness, cost-utility or cost-benefit … priority-setting in the health sector. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 2003; 1: 8. Kumaranayake 2002 … health care management and policy-making. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 2005; 10 Suppl 1:

performance of providers of services and suppliers on measures of quality, efficiency, effectiveness , and resource use; and (B) agrees to meet the requirements