Evidence consistently shows that continuous use of different types of running and athletic shoes alters lower extremity biomechanics and neuromuscular activation patterns, which can contribute to injury risks and muscle adaptations.
The retrieved literature consistently supports the premise that footwear characteristics (such as minimalist design, cushioning, stiffness, and structural properties) alter lower extremity biomechanics, gait kinematics, and muscle activation patterns. These changes can affect mechanical loading and injury risk over time. None of the papers refute the claim, so the balance verdict is SUPPORTED.