typical sentence contains one independent clause and possibly one or more dependent clauses, although it is also possible to link together sentences of this English grammar is the set of structural rules of the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and whole texts. Most English speech and writing follows the conventions of Standard English; however, minor divergences may occur depending on historical, regional, and cultural contexts. Larger divergences occur when comparing pronunciation and vocabulary. Pe Conjunctions express a variety of logical relations between items, phrases, clauses and sentences. They help link ideas, show relationships, and form more complex sentences. The principal coordinating conjunctions in English are: and, or, but, nor, so, yet, and for. These can be used in many grammatical contexts to link two or more items of equal grammatical status, for example: A typical sentence contains one independent clause and possibly one or more dependent clauses, although it is also possible to link together sentences of this form into longer sentences, using coordinating conjunctions (see above). A clause typically contains a subject (a noun phrase) and a predicate (a verb phrase in the terminology used above; that is, a verb together with its objects and complements). A dependent clause also normally contains a subordinating conjunction (or in the case of relative clauses, a relative pronoun, or phrase containing one). English grammar is the set of structural rules of the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and whole texts. Most English speech and writing follows the conventions of Standard English; however, minor divergences may occur depending on historical, regional, and cultural contexts. Larger divergences occur when comparing pronunciation and vocabulary. Personal pronouns retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class (a remnant of the more extensive Germanic case system of Old English). a complement or postmodifier may be a prepositional phrase (... of London), a relative clause (like ... which we saw yesterday), certain adjective or participial phrases (... sitting on the beach), or a dependent clause or infinitive phrase appropriate to the noun (like ... that the world is round after a noun such as fact or statement, or ... to travel widely after a noun such as desire). An example of a noun phrase that includes all of the above-mentioned elements is that rather attractive young college student to whom you were talking. The words whatever and whichever can be used similarly, in the role of either pronouns (whatever he likes) or determiners (whatever book he likes). When referring to persons, who(ever) (and whom(ever)) can be used in a similar way. ==== "There" ==== There is used as a pronoun in some sentences, playing the role of a dummy subject, normally of an intransitive verb. The "logical subject" of the verb then appears as a complement after the verb. This use of there occurs most commonly with forms of the verb be in existential clauses, to refer to the presence or existence of something. For example: There is a heaven; There are two cups on the table; There have been a lot of problems lately. They typically modify verbs (or verb phrases), adjectives (or adjectival phrases), or other adverbs (or adverbial phrases). However, adverbs also sometimes qualify noun phrases (only the boss; quite a lovely place), pronouns and determiners (almost all), prepositional phrases (halfway through the movie), or whole sentences, to provide Other equivalent items linked, such as prefixes linked in pre- and post-test counseling, numerals as in two or three buildings, etc. Clauses or sentences linked, as in We came, but they wouldn't let us in. They wouldn't let us in, nor would they explain what we had done wrong. Another example of clauses or sentences linked is: I like reading books, and I also enjoy watching movies. There are also correlative conjunctions, where as well as the basic conjunction, an additional element appears before the first of the items being linked. The common correlatives in English are: either ... or ... (either a man or a woman); neither ... nor ... (neither clever nor funny); both ... and ... (they both punished and rewarded them); not ... but ..., particularly in not only ... but also ... (not exhausted but exhilarated, not only football but also many other sports). An example of a correlative conjunction can be seen in: Not only did I finish my homework, but I also helped my sibling. Subordinators make relations between clauses, making the clause in which they appear into a subordinate clause. Use of inversion to express a third-person imperative is now mostly confined to the expression long live X, meaning "let X live long". === Imperatives === In an imperative sentence (one giving an order), there is usually no subject in the independent clause: Go away until I call you. It is possible, however, to include you as the subject for emphasis: You stay away from me. === Elliptical constructions === Many types of elliptical construction are possible in English, resulting in sentences that omit certain redundant elements. Various examples are given in the article on Ellipsis. The structure of English; an introduction to the construction of English sentences. New York: Harcourt, Brace. Halliday, M. A. K. (1985/94). Spoken and written language. Deakin University Press. Huddleston, Rodney D. (1976). An introduction to English transformational syntax. Longman. Huddleston, Rodney D. (2009). The Sentence in Written English: A Syntactic Study Based on an Analysis of Scientific Texts. Cambridge University Press. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-521-11395-3. Jespersen, Otto (1982). Growth and Structure of the English Language. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. p. 244. ISBN 0-226-39877-3. Jespersen, Otto (1992). Philosophy of Grammar.