Cognitive bias research overlaps with philosophical epistemology
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Retrieved reference literature documents that cognitive processes, biases, and how they distort understanding overlap directly with epistemic questions about knowledge and reality.
This paper advances three interconnected logical claims: First, that epistemological neutrality is fundamentally unattainable due to inherent cognitive, social and historical contingencies; second, that intersubjective frameworks offer a viable alternative to both naïve objectivism and radical relativism; and third, that Complex Domains of Informal Structure provide a particular case in which these epistemic limitations are manifested and can be productively managed through Knowledge Management of Strategic options through Soft Systemic Analysis frameworks. The impossibility of absolute neutrality is demonstrated through theoretical arguments exploring how even foundational scientific theories contain underdetermined elements requiring subjective interpretation; historical arguments showing how paradigmatic shifts reframe supposedly objective truths; and practical arguments revealing how AI solutions trained on ostensibly "neutral" data reproduce social biases. The paper systematically develops its argument through the analysis of fundamental epistemological concepts, drawing on both Western and Eastern philosophical traditions to establish the limitations of traditional epistemology. It then examines how these limitations manifest particularly in Complex Domains of Informal Structure, where tacit knowledge, specialist interpretation, and contextual understanding shape decision-making. Through examination of concrete applications in healthcare, urban planning, and algorithmic governance, the paper demonstrates how intersubjective approaches can acknowledge the unavoidable presence of subjectivity while establishing reliable epistemic frameworks for knowledge validation. This structured reflection ultimately advances a more sophisticated understanding of how knowledge is validated, disseminated, and applied across domains from scientific research to artificial intelligence development.
reality and how illusions and biases distort understanding. It overlaps with the cognitive sciences, which investigate how cognitive processes transform information
Reality is the totality of existence or what all existing entities have in common. It is often contrasted with appearance, opposing what is with what seems to be, although the accuracy and fundamentality of this contrast are disputed. Various criteria for distinguishing real from unreal entities have been proposed, including causal powers, mind-independence, and being non-illusory. The concept of
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Epistemology, another philosophical subdiscipline, explores how people can know reality. It investigates what knowledge is, how it originates, and what can or cannot be known. Phenomenology analyzes the subjective structure of consciousness. It focuses on how individuals experience reality and how conscious states are intentional or directed towards entities other than themselves. The problem of reference is a similar topic in philosophy of mind and philosophy of language. It concerns the question of how mental and linguistic entities, such as thoughts and words, can establish contact with reality by successfully referring to things in the world. Various other subfields of philosophy examine specific domains of reality. For example, value theory is concerned with the reality of values, and the philosophy of mathematics explores in what sense mathematical objects, like numbers and sets, form part of reality.
In the sciences, physics studies the physical world and encompasses a broad range of phenomena. At the subatomic scale, particle physics focuses on elementary particles and their interactions. At the astronomical scale, cosmology analyzes the origin, structure, and development of the universe as a whole.
Psychology examines how individuals perceive, interpret, and respond to reality, including how mental processes construct models of reality and how illusions and biases distort understanding. It overlaps with the cognitive sciences, which investigate how cognitive processes transform information about the world, and with neuroscience, which studies the brain activities underlying such processes. In psychoanalytic theory, the reality principle is a proposed mechanism that counteracts the pleasure principle, delaying immediate gratification when it collides with the demands of external reality. Reality testing is another suggested psychological function in which individuals distinguish intrapsychic from external events to assess how their experience aligns with reality.
Computer scientists discuss how systems of knowledge representation can organize information about reality and make it accessible to computational processes. Such data may be used in Computer…
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