BACKGROUND: China now faces multiple challenging demographic and public policy problems that have emerged from four decades of sex-selective induced abortions. The sex-selective induced abortion of female fetuses has been under-examined quantitatively in China. METHODS: Using annual data on the officially registered number of births, induced abortions, and SRB data, we estimate the annual number of sex-selective abortions and then estimated two related proportions over the past decades. RESULTS: The annual proportions and number of selective abortions rose in the 1980s with the strict family planning policy and the diffusion of sex identification technology, remained at a high level between 1990 and 2010, and then declined, totaling 30.04 million. The abortion of second-order female fetuses was the largest proportion of all sex-selective abortions but declined after 2000 partly due to the change in birth composition by order. Children's composition affected sex-selective practice. Village selective abortions accounted for the majority of all selective abortions but decreased markedly in 2010 with changes in birth composition by residence. The rural-urban comparison by order indicated that urban couples were not less likely to abort female fetuses than their rural counterparts. Sex-selective abortions still exhibit provincial differences. CONCLUSIONS: In China, the long-standing preference for sons, easy access to sex-selective technologies, and the spontaneous fertility decline have led to the continued practice of selectively aborting female fetuses, despite its prohibition. As a result, the imbalanced sex ratio may take years to normalize.

... China comes despite considerable improvements in the first few decades of communist rule where the expansion of ... one - child policy has sharply increased the incentive of parents to discriminate against female children as they ... This unique volume is the first to examine Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen's ideas through the lens of gender. His humanitarian approach to economics has been crucial to the development of several aspects of feminist economics and gender analysis. This book outlines the range and usefulness of his work for gender analysis while also exploring some of its silences and implicit assumptions. The result is a collection of groundbreaking and insightful essays which cover major topics in Sen's work, such as the capability approach, justice, freedom, social choice, agency, missing women and development and well-being. Perspectives have been drawn from both developing and developed countries, with most of the authors applying Sen's concepts to cultural, geographic and historical contexts which differ f

... women put together ) . " Why have women's survival prospects the authorities insisted on the " one- child family . This restriction . given the strong preference for boys in China . led to a neglect of girls that was often severe . Some ... The leading articles on gender and justice within Anglo-American legal theory are assembled in this volume. The essays are drawn primarily from the writings of lawyers working in the common law tradition and they mainly examine the justice of legal institutions. Due to the close kinship between political and legal theories of justice, the book also includes a selection of the work of the more prominent political theorists of justice and gender.

birth in China". Population and Development Review. 19: 283–302. Bulte, Erwin; Nico Heenrink; Xiaobo Zhang (2011). "China's One-Child Policy and 'the In the context of human demographics, the term "missing women" indicates a shortfall in the number of women relative to the expected number of women in a region or country. It is most often measured through male-to-female sex ratios, and is theorized to be caused by sex-selective abortions, female infanticide, and inadequate healthcare and nutrition for female children. It is argued that technolog Some evidence suggests that in Asia, especially in Mainland China with its one-child policy, additional fertility behavior, infant deaths, and female birth information may be hidden or not reported. Instead of policy expanding women's opportunities for gainful employment policy, from 1979 onward the one-child policy has added upon the son preference causing the largest number of missing women in any country. As parents are eager to have sons and are allowed only one child, some first born females are not reported with the hope that their next child will be a son. The numbers cited for the sex disparity in Mainland China is likely very exaggerated, as birth statistics is skewed by late registrations and unreported births of females: for instance, researchers found that census statistics of women in later stages of their life do not match with the birth statistics, possibly accounting for 25 million of the 30 million missing women commonly cited. In the other direction, migration, especially to GCC countries, has become a larger issue for sex ratio estimates. Because many male migrants move across…