Analyses of the Apollo-Soyuz science demonstrations on chemical foams and liquid spreading are presented. The chemical foams demonstation showed that aqueous foams and gas/liquid dispersions are more stable in low-g than on the ground. Unique chemical reactions in low-g foams and gas/liquid dispersions are therefore possible. Further ground tests on the formaldehyde clock reaction led to the rather surprising conclusions that surfaces can exert a nucleation effect and that long-range surface influences on chemical reaction rates are apparently operative.

40098922 Abstract Chemically reacting systems exhibiting a repeatable delay period before a visible and sudden change are referred to as clock reactions ; they have a long history in education and provide an idealization of various biochemical and industrial processes. We focus on a purely substrate-depletive clock reaction utilizing vitamin C, hydrogen peroxide, iodine and starch. Building on a recent study of a simplified two-reaction model under high hydrogen peroxide concentrations, we develop a more detailed model which breaks the slow reaction into two steps, one of which is rate-limiting unless hydrogen peroxide levels are very high. Through asymptotic analysis, this model enables the effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration to be elucidated in a principled way, resolving an apparent discrepancy with earlier literature regarding the order of the slow reaction kinetics. The model is analysed in moderate and high hydrogen peroxide regimes, providing approximate solutions and expressions for the switchover time which take into account hydrogen peroxide concentration. The solutions are validated through simultaneously fitting the same set of parameters to several experimental series, then testing on independent experiments across widely varying hydrogen peroxide concentration. The study thereby presents and further develops a validated mechanistic understanding of a paradigm chemical kinetics system. Keywords: matched asymptotic analysis, mass action, parameter estimation, chemical reaction modelling 1. Introduction Clock reactions are characterized by a defined and predictable induction period followed by a sudden and typically visible change in reactant concentrations. The study of these reactions dates back at least to the work of Landolt on the sulfite/iodate reaction in the 1880s [ 1 ]. These systems have long been used in chemistry education [ 2 ], have industrial applications [ 3 , 4 ] and alongside experiment have been studied through mathematical and co