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the claim
Celtic languages were spoken in the early years of Rome
the verdict
INSUFFICIENT LEANING
refutedsupported
the weight of evidence
3 sources for · 0 against

The retrieved sources indicate that northern-central Italy experienced significant Celtic cultural and military presence during the early centuries of Rome and note historical linguistic links, but they do not establish that Celtic languages were spoken within early Rome itself.

Evidence for · 3
PANOPLY AND IDENTITY DURING THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
2020 · cited by 2
Abstract This paper examines how the Romans in the early Republic adopted Celtic panoply, in the process abandoning Greek-style hoplite equipment. The first part details the Celtic aspects of the major pieces of Rome's new military equipment: La Tène sword, oval shield (scutum), javelin (pilum), mail armour and Montefortino helmet. The next section seeks possible military and cultural explanations for this transition, suggesting among other factors that the new kit may have been driven by increased recruitment from beyond the narrow hoplite class. The panoply eventually coalesced into a symbol of specifically Roman identity, especially as the Romans deployed distinctively equipped armies into Magna Graecia and the Hellenistic East. Taylor Article Metrics Article contents Abstract Footnotes References Get access Share Cite Abstract This paper examines how the Romans in the early Republic adopted Celtic panoply, in the process abandoning Greek-style hoplite equipment. The first part details the Celtic aspects of the major pieces of Rome's new military equipment: La Tène sword, oval shield ( scutum ), javelin ( pilum ), mail armour and Montefortino helmet. The next section seeks possible military and cultural explanations for this transition, suggesting among other factors that the new kit may have been driven by increased recruitment from beyond the narrow hoplite class. 31 - 65 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068246220000033 [Opens in a new window] Copyright Copyright © British School at Rome 2020 Access options Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.) Article purchase Temporarily unavailable Footnotes 1 I would like to thank Laura Pfuntner, Jesse Obert, Sean Manning, Dominic Maschek, Julius Tomczak, Dominic Machado, Seth Bernard, Jonathan Roth, Jeremy Armstrong and Marco Saliola, who read and commented on early drafts of this paper. All errors remain my own. ( 1988 ) Apulisch-korinthische Helme . In Bottini , A. (ed.), Antike Helme: Sammlung Lipperheide und andere Bestände des Antikenmuseums Berlin : 107 –36. Mainz , Römisch-German. Zentralmuseum . Google Scholar Briquel , D. ( 2008 ) La prise de Rome par les Gaulois . Paris , Presses Universitaires de Paris-Sorbonne . Google Scholar Buchsenschutz , O. , Gruel , K. and Lejars , T. ( 2012 ) The Golden Age of the Celtic aristocracy in the fourth and third centuries BC . Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales 67 : 185 – 215 . Google Scholar Burns , M. ( 2003 ) The homogenisation of military equipment under the Roman Republic . Digressus ( Supplement 1: ‘Romanisation’? ) , 60 – 85 . Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 59 / 60 : 103 –20. Google Scholar Taylor , M.J. ( 2016 ) The battle scene on Aemilius Paullus's Pydna monument: a reevaluation . Hesperia 85 : 559 –76. CrossRef Google Scholar Taylor , M.J. ( 2017 ) Etruscan identity and service in the Roman army . American Journal of Archaeology 121 : 275 –92. CrossRef Google Scholar Taylor , M.J. ( 2020 ) The evolution of the manipular legion in the early Republic . Historia 69 : 38 – 56 . CrossRef Google Scholar Treolar , A. ( 1971 ) The Roman shield: Polybius vi. 23.2 . Classical Review 21 : 3 – 5 . CrossRef Google Scholar Tusa , S. and Royal , J. ( 1957 ) A Historical Commentary on Polybius I . Oxford , Clarendon Press . Google Scholar Wallace-Hadrill , A. ( 2008 ) Rome's Cultural Revolution . Cambridge , Cambridge University Press . Google Scholar Webster , J. ( 1996 ) Ethnographic barbarity: colonial discourse and ‘Celtic warrior societies’ . In Webster , J. and Cooper , N. (eds), Roman Imperialism: Post-Colonial Perspectives : 111 –24. Leicester , School of Archaeological Services . Google Scholar Weege , H. ( 1909 ) Oskische Grabmalerei . Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 24 : 8 – 162 . Google Scholar Weiss , M. ( 2017 ) An Italo-Celtic divinity and a common Sabellic sound change . ( 2008 ) La prise de Rome par les Gaulois . Paris , Presses Universitaires de Paris-Sorbonne . Google Scholar Buchsenschutz , O. , Gruel , K. and Lejars , T. ( 2012 ) The Golden Age of the Celtic aristocracy in the fourth and third centuries BC . Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales 67 : 185 – 215 . Google Scholar Burns , M. ( 2003 ) The homogenisation of military equipment under the Roman Republic . Digressus ( Supplement 1: ‘Romanisation’? ) , 60 – 85 . Google Scholar Burns , M. ( 2006 ) The Cultural and Military Significance of the South Italic Warrior's Panoply from the 5th to the 3rd Centuries BC . University College London , Ph.D. thesis. Google Scholar Cassibry , K. ( 2005 ) The rhetoric of “Romanitas.” The “Tomb of the Statilii” frescoes reconsidered . Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 50 : 89 – 129 . Google Scholar Horvat , J. ( 2002 ) The hoard of Roman Republican weapons from Grad near Smihel . Arheološki Vestnik 53 : 117 –92. Google Scholar Huld , M. ( 1993 ) Early Indo-European weapons terminology . Word 44 : 223 –34. CrossRef Google Scholar Hurwit , J. ( 2002 ) Reading the Chigi vase . Hesperia 71 : 1 – 22 . CrossRef Google Scholar James , S. ( 2011 ) Rome and the Sword . London , Thames and Hudson . Google Scholar Essays on Warfare in Antiquity ( Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 22) : 45 – 71 . Copenhagen , Det kongelige danske videnskabernes selskab . Google Scholar Van Wees , H. ( 2004 ) Greek Warfare: Myths and Realities . London , Duckworth . Google Scholar Von Arnim , H. ( 1892 ) Ineditum Vaticanum . Hermes 27 : 118 –30. Google Scholar Walbank , F. ( 1957 ) A Historical Commentary on Polybius I . Oxford , Clarendon Press . Google Scholar Wallace-Hadrill , A. ( 2008 ) Rome's Cultural Revolution . Cambridge , Cambridge University Press . Google Scholar Webster , J. ( 1996 ) Ethnographic barbarity: colonial discourse and ‘Celtic warrior societies’ . In Webster , J. and Cooper , N.
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More for · 2
the irish republic (chicago, ill.) 1867-18??
1868 · cited by 0
ANCIENT IRISH LITERATURE Celtic Studies NO II BY T IRWIN DUBLIN IRELAND Some time since in a paper under the above title I alluded to the immense antiquity of the settlement of the Celtic race in Europe and pointed out the influence exercised by their language on that of ancient Rome as illustrated by the origin of a few of the most familiar names in the history of the Latins I shall now extend this speculation in its reference to the Etrurians It is hardly necessary to say that this people occupied the region of Italy now known as Tuscany or that no probability has yet been arrived at as to what people they originally belonged or whence they came The Etrurian people says Michel 1 is the great mystery of history The old idea that they came from Lydia in Asia Minor has been given up for sometime there being some authority for the fact that they entered Italy by the Phcetean Alps From the difficulty of allying their language to the Greek or any other modern authorities have come to the conclusion that they were a mixed race There are many Etruscan inscriptions extant but as yet the
the chicago citizen (chicago, ill.) 1897-1919
1913 · cited by 0
the antiquity and fecun dity OF THE CELTIC LANGUAGE By Eugene F ORtordan Continued from our last issue Of all the phenomena of language j the most remarkable is the affinity of 1 the Celtic and Sanscrittwo lan I guages which cannot possibly have j come in contact for more than 3000 rears and must therefore owe their similarity to the radical tincture of the primary language of Asia It is a point on all hands conceded that neither colonies nor conquerors can annihilate the aboriginal language of a country The Roman language unquestionably derives its affinity to the Sanscrit through the medium of the Celtic The Doric dia lect of the Greek founded on the Cel tic laid the foundation of the lan guage of Rome Latin the Gothic over the whole extent of Germany and the greater part of Britain and Ireland the Phoenician or Moorish in Spain etc are all of them recent su perinductions engrafted on the Cel ticthe aboriginal root The Roman language Gothicized produced the Italian the Celtic in Gaul with a mix ture of rustic Roman and Gothicized produced the French the old British a dialect of the Celtic Saxonized produced the English
Everything we examined (3) — 2 independent sources
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  1. the irish republic (chicago, ill.) 1867-18??referencesame source L1no side taken
  2. the chicago citizen (chicago, ill.) 1897-1919referencesame source L1no side taken
  3. PANOPLY AND IDENTITY DURING THE ROMAN REPUBLICpeer-reviewedno side taken
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