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Bond dipoles are physically real quantities
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Retrieved quantum chemical literature demonstrates that molecular bonds can be modeled successfully as physically real, polarizable dipoles that accurately reproduce molecular geometries, dipole moments, and electrostatic interactions.

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2026 · cited by 0
The accurate modeling of carbohydrates is challenged by conformational flexibility, hydration, and many-body electrostatics. In this work, a polarizable bond dipole potential for carbohydrates (PBDPC25) is presented, in which C-O, O-H, and C-H bonds are represented as intrinsically polarizable dipoles. Electrostatic interactions are described through bond dipole coupling, with an orbital overlap contribution introduced to account for hydrogen bonding. For carbohydrate monomers, PBDPC25 reproduces conformational energies with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 2.13 kcal/mol. This accuracy exceeds that of GLYCAM06 (2.87 kcal/mol) and CHARMM36 (3.74 kcal/mol). It is also slightly better than the polarizable AMOEBA force field (2.82 kcal/mol). Optimized geometries are maintained within 0.15 Å of benchmark reference structures. This level of agreement is comparable to GLYCAM06 (0.21 Å) and close to CHARMM36 and AMOEBA (both 0.14 Å). Molecular dipole moments show excellent agreement with the reference data. Correlation coefficients exceed <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> > 0.98. For carbohydrate-water clusters, hydration energies, including many-body contributions, are predicted with an RMSE of 3.50 kcal/mol. This represents a substantial improvement over GLYCAM06, CHARMM36, and AMOEBA. These results demonstrate that PBDPC25 provides a reliable framework for modeling carbohydrate conformations and local hydration effects. In the present study, the polarizable bond dipole potential is extended to carbohydrates. Parameters for C–O, O–H, and C–H bonds within oligosaccharides are developed, and the capability of the model to reproduce key physical properties is assessed. Benchmark evaluations are carried out for the conformational energies of carbohydrate monomers, equilibrium geometries, molecular dipole moments, and hydration interaction energies of carbohydrate–water clusters. The results are compared with high-level quantum mechanical reference data and widely used carbohydrate force fields. θ and θ 0 denote the actual and equilibrium bond angles, and K θ is the angle force constant. φ n is the dihedral angle, and V n is the Fourier coefficient. γ n is the phase angle, and n is the periodicity. 2.2. Non-Bonded Interactions The non-bonded term E non-bonded can be further expressed as Equation (3), in which E es is the electrostatics among permanent and induced bond dipoles, E vdW is van der Waals dispersion–repulsion, and E orb is orbital overlap contributions relevant to hydrogen bonding. Unless otherwise specified, these quantities are treated as scalar magnitudes rather than full vector quantities. The induced bond dipole moment δμ in the 1st term of Equation (3) is evaluated as (4) δμ = c ( q − q 0 ) d where d is the bond length, q 0 denotes a fixed, atom-type-dependent reference charge, and q is the geometry-dependent atomic partial charge associated with the bonded atoms. The induced bond dipole δμ therefore reflects deviations of the instantaneous charge distribution from this reference state. In the present implementation, q is evaluated for each molecular geometry using AM1 semiempirical calculations, providing a geometry-dependent polarization response. Their explicit inclusion was therefore adopted to provide a more complete and internally consistent description of the electrostatic response As shown in Figure 1 , the lowest-energy conformers of α-glucose [ 57 ], β-glucose [ 57 ], α-maltose [ 57 ], β-xylose [ 22 ], β-mannose [ 22 ], α-allose [ 21 ], and β-allose [ 21 ] were selected as the training set to determine the electrostatic parameters, including the permanent bond dipole μ 0 , the reference atomic charge q 0 , and the correction factor c for the CT-OS, CT-OH, OH-HO, CT-H1, and CT-H2 bonds. Such an agreement is consistent with the intended role of the dipole fitting: to ensure that the permanent electrostatic description captures the bulk of the molecular dipole while leaving induced contributions to be handled self-consistently by the polarizable bond dipole machinery. The orbital interactions for hydrogen bonding between water–water molecules (OW-HW∙∙∙OW) and between water–carbohydrate molecules (OH-HO∙∙∙OW, OW-HW∙∙∙OH, and OW-HW∙∙∙OS) are considered in carbohydrate–water clusters. Parameters are This trade-off reflects a modest rebalancing between the interaction energetics and dipole properties in the current parameter refinement. All quantum chemical calculations were performed using Gaussian [ 59 ] and ORCA [ 60 ]. Simulations based on the polarizable bond dipole potential were carried out with our in-house PBFF code [ 61 ], and other force field calculations were performed using the TINKER 8 package [ 62 ]. 4. Application The potential was applied to carbohydrate monomers to predict conformational energies, equilibrium geometries, and molecular dipole moments. The resulting RMSE (0) between PBDPC25 and the quantum-chemical reference values is 2.86 kcal/mol, with a corresponding correlation coefficient of R 2 = 0.90. In addition, the RMSE of molecular dipole moments relative to the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ results obtained using the CPCM implicit solvation model is 1.10 D, with an R 2 value of 0.96 ( Table S18 ). Taken together, these results demonstrate that the bond dipole framework provides a robust and physically consistent description of local carbohydrate energetics and hydration effects when referenced to quantum-chemical data under dielectric screening. Conclusions A polarizable bond dipole potential (PBDPC25) has been developed for carbohydrate systems with the aim of providing a physically motivated description of electronic polarization and many-body effects beyond the scope of conventional fixed-charge models. The parameterization was carried out against high-level quantum-chemical reference data, including gas-phase conformational energetics and molecular dipole moments, establishing a rigorous foundation for local intramolecular and intermolecular interactions.
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  1. Capturing Carbohydrate Conformations and Hydration Interactions with a Polarizable Bond Dipole Potential.peer-reviewedno side taken
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held for human review07 Aug 2026
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