The retrieved literature consistently confirms that the biodegradation of materials—ranging from natural compounds and plastics to petroleum derivatives—is fundamentally driven by the enzymatic cleavage capabilities of microorganisms.
The claim is specific, empirical, and thoroughly supported by all retrieved studies, which detail the exact enzymatic mechanisms (such as hydrolases, oxidoreductases, and depolymerases) utilized by microorganisms to degrade various carbon-based materials.