Being underweight influences an individual's risk of developing cancer
Multiple clinical and epidemiological studies demonstrate that being underweight influences cancer risk, prognosis, and mortality.
The retrieved literature includes several robust cohort studies and mechanistic investigations showing that low body mass index (BMI) or underweight status is significantly associated with cancer outcomes, including increased risk of specific cancers (such as gastric cancer), altered metastatic patterns (such as brain metastasis in lung cancer), and elevated cancer mortality.
Abhishek Tyagi, Shih-Ying Wu, Jee-Won Kim, R. Deshpande, Kerui Wu, Eleanor C Smith, G. Banna, Kounosuke Watabe. Ghrelin-induced neuronal NPY promotes brain metastasis in lung cancer patients with low BMI. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60730-4
Ghrelin-induced neuronal NPY promotes brain metastasis in lung cancer patients with low BMI.
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Kuo TC, Wang WC, Hsiao WP, Yen Y, Yeh CC. Association Between Body Mass Index and Overall Survival in Patients With Colorectal Cancer in Taiwan.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.18273
Underweight status was associated with higher mortality among colorectal cancer patients in Taiwan.
Hu J, Ke Y, Yu C, Sun D, Pang Y, Pei P, Yang L, Chen Y, Du H, Chang X, Barnard M, Chen J, Chen Z, Li L, Lv J. Body Mass Index and Risks of More Than 40 Cause-Specific Mortality in Chinese Women: A Prospective Cohort Study.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.70330
Underweight was linked to an increased risk of neoplasm-related mortality in a large prospective cohort study.
Nam SY, Jo J. Body mass index change trajectories and gastric cancer risk: Effect modification by sex, age, smoking, and menopausal status in Korean adults aged ≥40 years.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0350626
Both underweight and persistent obesity were associated with an increased gastric cancer risk in specific subgroups.
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