The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane the Solar System as Earth's North Pole. Due to Earth's axial tilt of 23.439281°, there is a seasonal variation in the lengths of the day and night. There is also a seasonal variation in temperat The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane the Solar System as Earth's North Pole. Due to Earth's axial tilt of 23.439281°, there is a seasonal variation in the lengths of the day and night. There is also a seasonal variation in temperatures, which lags the variation in day and night. Conventionally, winter in the Northern Hemisphere is taken as the period from the December solstice (typically December 21 UTC) to the March equinox (typically March 20 UTC), while summer is taken as the period from the June solstice through to the September equinox (typically on 23 September UTC). The dates vary each year due to the difference between the calendar year and the astronomical year. Within the Northern Hemisphere, oceanic currents can change the weather patterns that affect many factors within the north coast. Such events include El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Trade winds blow from east to west just above the equator. The winds pull surface water with them, creating currents, which flow westward due to the Coriolis effect. The currents then bend to the right, heading north. At about 30 degrees north latitude, a different set of winds, the westerlies, push the currents back to the east, producing a closed clockwise loop. Its surface is 60.7% water, compared with 80.9% water in the case of the Southern Hemisphere, and it contains 67.3% of Earth's land. The continents of North America and mainland Eurasia are located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere, together with about two-thirds of Africa and a small part of South America. In the Northern Hemisphere, objects moving across or above the surface of the Earth tend to turn to the right because of the Coriolis effect. As a result, large-scale horizontal flows of air or water tend to form clockwise-turning gyres. These are best seen in ocean circulation patterns in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. Within the Northern Hemisphere, oceanic currents can change the weather patterns that affect many factors within the north coast. For the same reason, flows…

fluences of the Sun and Moon that cause Earth to bulge at the equator, affecting its rotation. The trend in the direction of this wobble relative to the fixed positions of stars is known as axial precession . The cycle of axial precession spans about 25,771.5 years. Axial precession makes seasonal contrasts more extreme in one hemisphere and less extreme in the other. Currently perihelion occurs during winter in the Northern Hemisphere and in summer in the Southern Hemisphere. This makes Southern Hemisphere summers hotter and moderates Northern Hemisphere seasonal variations. But in about 13,000 years, axial precession will cause these conditions to flip, with the Northern Hemisphere seeing more extremes in solar radiation and the Southern Hemisphere experiencing more moderate seasonal variations. Precession does affect seasonal timing relative to Earth's closest/farthest points around the Sun. However, the modern calendar system ties itself to the seasons, and so, for example, the Northern Hemisphere winter will never occur in July. Today Earth’s North Stars are Polaris and Polaris Australis, but a couple of thousand years ago, they were Kochab and Pherkad. There’s also apsidal precession . Not only does Earth wobble on its rotational axis, but Earth’s entire orbital ellipse – that is, the oval-shaped path Earth follows in its orbit around the Sun — also wobbles irregularly, primarily due to its interactions with Jupiter and Saturn. The cycle of apsidal precession spans about 112,000 years. Apsidal precession changes the orientation of Earth’s orbit relative to the ecliptic plane. The combined effects of axial and apsidal precession result in an overall precession cycle spanning about 23,000 years on average. A Climate Time Machine The small changes set in motion by Milankovitch cycles operate separately and together to influence Earth’s climate over very long timespans, leading to larger changes in our climate over tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of yea

Application of the Astronomical Theory of Climate Change to Explain Global Climate Events in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene | Geomagnetism and Aeronomy | Springer Nature Link # Application of the Astronomical Theory of Climate Change to Explain Global Climate Events in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene - Published: 16 January 2025 - Cite this article - Volume 64, pages 1033–1043, (2024) Save article View saved research Geomagnetism and Aeronomy Aims and scope Submit manuscript ### Abstract The study demonstrates the synchronicity of the positive and negative phases of summer irradiation of the Northern Hemisphere in the precession cycle with periods of global climate warming and cooling for the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The cold phase 50–41.5 ka BP corresponds to the Shestikhinsky cooling in Eastern Europe and the development of glaciation in North America. The warm phase 41–30 ka BP accounts for climate warming in Europe (Bryansk interstadial, Paudorf, Gotwei warming) and in North America (Plum Point Interstadial). The period of maximum development of glaciation in Europe and North America is synchronized with the cold phase 29.5–17.5 ka BP. The warm phase 17–5.5 k

Interhemispheric anti-phasing of orbitally driven monsoon intensity: Implications for ice-volume forcing in the high latitudes - ScienceDirect Skip to main contentSkip to article - Access through your organization - Purchase PDF Search ScienceDirect ## Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volumes 377–378, September 2013, Pages 34-42 # Interhemispheric anti-phasing of orbitally driven monsoon intensity: Implications for ice-volume forcing in the high latitudes Ulrich C. Müller a b, William J. Fletcher c, Alice M. Milner d, Simon Scheiter a Show more Add to Mendeley https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.07.024 Get rights and content ## Highlights • Precession drives an interhemispheric anti-phasing of monsoon intensity. • Maxima of boreal monsoon are opposed by minima of austral monsoon and vice versa. • The anti-phasing of monsoon intensity influences low-to-high latitude climate gradients. • These changes are superimposed on obliquityʼs influence on meridional climate gradients. • Low-to-high latitude climate gradients drive ice-volume changes in the high latitudes. ## Introduction The prevalent interpretation of Milankovitchʼs theory that summer insolation in t