Admiral Phillip ← Front matter Admiral Phillip: the founding of New South Wales ( 1899 ) Louis Becke and Walter Jeffery , edited by H. F. Wilson → related portals : Australia , United Kingdom related authors : Arthur Phillip sister projects : Wikipedia article , quotes , Wikidata item Louis Becke and Walter Jeffery 1872219 Admiral Phillip: the founding of New South Wales 1899 H. F. Wilson ​ ​ ADMIRAL PHILLIP THE FOUNDING OF NEW SOUTH WALES BY LOUIS BECKE AND WALTER JEFFERY LONDON T. FISHER UNWIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE MDCCCXCIX ​ Copyright by T. Fisher Unwin, 1897, for Great Britain and the United States of America ​ PREFACE Another Boswell would fail if he attempted to tell, in the words of Arthur Phillip himself, the story of 'Governor' Phillip's life. Only some half-a-dozen years of his career are fully known to us, and in that time Phillip worked harder and talked and wrote less about himself than most men would have done under such trying circumstances. From 1786, when he was chosen to found the settlement of New South Wales, till his return to England in 1792, his despatches and a few contemporary chronicles—now become rare books—are the only sources from which a knowledge of the man can be gathered. The chroniclers were all officers of the settlement, and their books, like the despatches, are but the dry bones of history. The Government of New South Wales has been for some time searching for information relating to the first Governor ​ of the colony; but with such small re

expedition, had suggested it as a site for a penal colony in 1779, and other schemes had … the British had favoured Australia as a penal colony simply because it was so far away … South Wales had a positive advantage as a penal colony in being so far from Britain, and

THINGS... million. Capital: Perth. Founded as a British military colony in 1829. Emblem: the numbat or the … Britain beside Sydney Harbour to inaugurate a new penal colony. The soldiers were under the command of Arthur … bottom), a pretentious person as a ‘wanker’ and self-indulgent behaviour as ‘a big wank’ (the American translation

... Colony of South Australia, officially (and proudly) established as a free settler colony in 1836, a police force was established expressly to seize escaped convicts or prevent entry to former ones (Finnane, 1994). This domestic climate ... This book examines the representation of penal colonies both historically and in contemporary culture, across an array of media. Exploring a range of geographies and historical instances of the penal colony, it seeks to identify how the ‘penal colony’ as a widespread phenomenon is as much ‘imagined’ and creatively instrumentalized as it pertains to real sites and populations. It concentrates on the range of ‘media’ produced in and around penal colonies both during their operation and following their closures. This approach emphasizes the role of cross-disciplinary methods and approaches to examining the history and legacy of convict transportation, prison islands and other sites of exile. It develops a range of methodological tools for engaging with cultures and representations of incarcer

In 1817 Justice Barron Field presented a proposal to Governor Lachlan Macquarie for an innovative financial institution in New South Wales–a savings bank. This new entity, only seven years old in Britain, accepted deposits from individuals which were well below minimum amounts required by commercial lending banks. Established in 1819, the New South Wales Savings Bank was founded for the benefit of both settlers and convicts to inspire what Field referred to as ‘habits of frugality and economy of the lower orders’. Within the national history of Australia, Field’s new bank could be perceived as specific to a fledgling colony with convict inhabitants. Viewed in terms of the circulation of ideas between the colonies and Britain, however, the institution reflected progress imported from the mother country. The original Australian savings bank was not, however, a direct translation of the British institution. The frequently-referenced ‘peculiar circumstances’ of the colony precluded replication. This article examines the trajectory of the new institution, from its inception to its role as the mandatory depository for all convict funds, and considers how the new institution was envisaged, and received, by governors, bankers, and a ‘captive’ customer base.

THE FIRST WHITE SETTLEMENT in Australia was a British penal colony founded in 1788. From this date and for eighty subsequent years the British government transported felons to Australia. British convicts, in fact, preceded the free colonists and for three decades outnumbered them. In consequence of this penal character, the Australian colonies were ruled despotically until after 1820o. At that time, there began a chain of events which made possible the development of a self-respecting citizenry, able to demand and obtain the cessation of transportation to its shores. The years 1824 and 1825 brought the first significant changes. New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land were granted legislative councils. A new nonconvict colony was planted in the far west. Still, the transportation system remained a fundamental part of Australian life. The regular use of convict laborers by the free settlers had established a variety of slave economy. While this system provided cheap labor and saved the government the support of assigned prisoners, its practical value diminished as the free population grew. Since the Australian colonies were in part penal establishments, the British government felt justified in withholding from them most of the privileges of self-government. The penal system itself, furthermore, involved methods which debased the innocent and further corrupted the guilty.' Despite the number of convicts who might in modern times be judged guiltless, many of them were dangerous, v

Last summer, I decided to finally travel to Australia, and my visit there was framed by encounters with sculptures at its beginning and end. On my first day in Sydney, I walked past the New South Wales State Library, and there stood a statue of Mathew Flinders, someone whose name wasn't familiar to me. The attached plaque commemorated his circumnavigation of Australia in 1801–1803 on a mapping expedition for the British Navy. I was to meet up with Flinders again when I began reading about the early history of Australian biology, because the botanist Robert Brown and the artist Ferdinand Bauer were members of the expedition (Hewson, 1999). Brown spent five years in Australia and then he returned to England, as did Bauer. The latter converted his sketches of plants and animals into finished watercolors, and Brown identified many new species in the material he had collected. Across the street from the state library is the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney, which was founded in 1816. That is early in the city's history, because the first settlement, a penal colony, wasn't established there until 1788. The founding of the garden reflects the efforts of Governor Lachlan Macquarie to change the character of the colony, moving away from its prison origins. According to Robert Hughes (1987), who wrote a detailed history of Australia's penal colonies, Britain was attempting to deal with its overcrowded prisons and social unrest by sending repeat offenders and political prisoners (mainly Iris

A penal colony or exile colony is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location A penal colony or exile colony is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory. Although the term can be used to refer to a correctional facility located in a remote location, it is more commonly used to refer to communities of prisoners overseen by wardens or governors having With the passage of the Transportation Act 1717, the British government initiated the penal transportation of indentured servants to Britain's colonies in the Americas, although none of the North American colonies were solely penal colonies. British merchants would be in charge of transporting the convicts across the Atlantic to the colonies where they would be auctioned off to planters. Many of the indentured servants were sentenced to seven-year terms, which gave rise to the colloquial term "His Majesty's Seven-Year Passengers". It is estimated that between 1718 and 1776 about 30,000 convicts were transported to at least nine of the continental colonies, whereas between 1700 and 1775 about 250,000 to 300,000 white immigrants came to mainland North America as a whole. More than two-thirds of these felons were transported to the Chesapeake to work for Southern landowners; in Maryland, during the thirty years before 1776, convicts composed more than one-quarter of all immigrants. However, it is commonly maintained that the vast majority of felons taken to America were political criminals, not those guilty of social crimes such as theft; for example, it was noted of Virginia that "the crimes of which they were convicted were chiefly political, and the number transported for social crimes was never considerable." The colony of Georgia, by contrast, was planned by James Oglethorpe specifically to take in debtors and other social criminals. Oglethorpe referred to them as "the worthy poor" in a philanthropic effort to create a rehabilitative colony where prisoners could earn a second chance at life, learning trades and working off their debts. The success of Oglethorpe's vision is debated. When routes to the Americas closed after the outbreak of American Revolutionary War in 1776, British prisons started to become overcrowded. Since immediate stopgap measures proved themselves ineffective, in 1785 Britain decided to use parts of what is now known as Australia as de jure penal settlements, becoming the first colonies in the British Empire founded solely to house convicts. Leaving Portsmouth, England on 13 May 1787, the First Fleet transported the first ~800 convicts…