Current research consistently indicates that artificial intelligence models, particularly large language models and generative AI systems, carry a substantial carbon footprint, high energy demands, and significant environmental impacts across their hardware and operational lifecycles.
The retrieved papers overwhelmingly support the claim that artificial intelligence models possess a high carbon and environmental footprint, detailing issues related to energy consumption, carbon emissions, water usage, and hardware life-cycle impacts. None of the papers refute the core claim; some merely discuss how AI can also be used to help solve other environmental problems or how to mitigate AI's own footprint.