Anticipation plays a role in the acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of memory.
Multiple empirical studies support the role of anticipation in shaping various stages of memory, including acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval.
The claim is specific and falsifiable, passing Step 0. Retrieved papers (such as 1, 2, and 5) provide direct evidence that anticipation of rewards or salient upcoming events influences memory formation, consolidation, and retrieval. No papers refute the claim.
Astrid Gieske, Tobias Sommer. Independent effects of emotional arousal and reward anticipation on episodic memory formation. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhac359
Paper 1 demonstrates that reward anticipation enhances episodic memory formation prior to consolidation.
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Schmidig FJ, Yamin D, Sharon O, Nadu Y, Nir J, Ranganath C, Nir Y. Anticipatory eye gaze as a marker of memory.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-025-00305-7
Paper 2 shows that anticipatory eye gaze can serve as a direct marker of memory retrieval.
Smith DE, Smith AM, Buras HR, Long NM. Repeated extrinsic rewards following retrieval practice facilitate later memory.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-026-02860-4
Paper 5 indicates that the anticipation of extrinsic rewards facilitates subsequent memory acquisition.
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