Current epidemiological and meta-analytic evidence indicates that prenatal and early-life antibiotic exposure is associated with an increased risk of developing allergic conditions such as food allergy, asthma, and allergic rhinitis, largely mediated by disruptions in the developing microbiome.
Multiple large-scale systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and birth cohort studies (e.g., papers 2, 8, 11) consistently report positive associations between early-life or prenatal antibiotic exposure and increased risks of developing food allergies, asthma, and other atopic diseases. The mechanism is strongly supported by microbiome and translational studies showing that antibiotic-induced dysbiosis impairs immune tolerance (papers 4, 7, 10). There are no retrieved papers refuting this link.