Anti-Chinese riots occurred during the Indonesian Reformation of 1998 due to economic and political scapegoating.
Historical analysis confirms that the anti-Chinese riots during the May 1998 Indonesian Reformation were driven by economic scapegoating over the financial crisis and political pressures surrounding the fall of the Suharto regime.
The retrieved papers ([2], [3], [5], [6], [9]) consistently document that the 1998 riots against Chinese-Indonesians were propelled by economic anxieties (the Asian Financial Crisis), political transitions, and deliberate scapegoating by various societal and political actors. None of the papers refute this historical consensus. Other papers in the list are off-topic (e.g., medical studies, cyberbullying reviews). Therefore, the balance of evidence strongly supports the claim.
Risa J. Toha. Political Competition and Ethnic Riots in Democratic Transition: A Lesson from Indonesia. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007123415000423
Demonstrates how broader political transition dynamics and competition contributed to ethnic clashes in Indonesia.
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Harryanto Aryodiguno. Changes in Chinese-Indonesian Identity: Indonesianization or Re- Sinicization?. 2019. https://doi.org/10.33021/AEGIS.V3I1.728
Notes that the May 1998 riots were fueled by allegations that Chinese-Indonesians held an advantageous economic status and were to blame for the financial crisis.
Wahyu Iryana, Muhamad Bisri Mustofa. May 1998 Mass Riots in Jakarta: A Holistic and Contextual Analysis of Critical Political Communication. 2023. https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v33i2.38022
Explains how public panic arising from the economic crisis and anti-Chinese issues triggered the May 1998 mass protests and riots.
Kiantoro Andiek Setiawan, Nurul Chojimah, I. Khasanah. Positive-Self and Negative-Other Representation in the Online News Behind Indonesia’s Anti-Chinese Riots and Indonesia Turns Its Chinese into Scapegoats. 2018. https://doi.org/10.21776/UB.ALPHABET.2018.01.01.07
Examines how media framing scapegoated Chinese-Indonesians during the 1998 riots amid economic and political turmoil.
Hans A. Harmakaputra. Jesus, the Last Scapegoat: A Chinese-Indonesian Christian Theological Imagination for Peacebuilding and Reconciliation. 2020. https://doi.org/10.69755/2995-2212.1053
Discusses how Chinese-Indonesians were targeted as societal scapegoats during times of economic crisis and political upheaval under Suharto's regime.
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