The retrieved papers consistently demonstrate that surface roughness, irregularities, and micro-structures increase aerodynamic drag, skin friction, and flow resistance across various engineering and geophysical contexts (such as aircraft models, wind turbine blades, and rough boundary layers). There are no refuting studies provided, as the papers discussing drag reduction focus on specialized micro-groove geometries (like riblets) designed to manipulate vortices rather than refuting the fundamental principle that unmanaged rough or adhesive-like surfaces increase drag.