Altruism toward similar individuals evolves through kin selection
The claim that altruism toward similar individuals evolves through kin selection is strongly supported by evolutionary theory and familial selection models.
The retrieved literature consistently confirms that inclusive fitness and kin selection provide the foundational framework for explaining the evolution of altruism among genetically related individuals.
James A.R. Marshall. Social Evolution and Inclusive Fitness Theory. 2015. https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161563.001.0001
Inclusive fitness theory explains that altruistic behaviors toward genetic relatives evolve because they propagate shared genes.
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Garay J, López I, Varga Z, Csiszár V, Móri TF. Survival cost sharing among altruistic full siblings in Mendelian population.. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-024-02317-z
Familial selection models demonstrate that altruism among siblings can evolve under conditions specified by Hamilton's rule.
Jones D. Extraordinary siblings: Mole rats, marmosets, and Radcliffe-Brown.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319385
Kin selection theory accounts for how organisms provide extraordinary altruistic advantages to close genetic relatives.
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