Alternating current flows primarily on the surface of a wire
Alternating current flows primarily on the surface of a conductor due to the well-documented skin effect, which becomes more pronounced as frequency increases.
The retrieved papers consistently confirm that alternating current flows preferentially on the outer surface (skin) of a conductor due to electromagnetic phenomena known as the skin effect.
S. Butterworth. Eddy-Current Losses in Cylindrical Conductors, with Special Applications to the Alternating Current Resistances of Short Coils. https://doi.org/10.1098/RSTA.1922.0003
Paper 1 discusses the skin effect, noting that alternating current tends to concentrate on the skin of the conductor as frequency increases.
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H. Saguy, D. Rittel. Bridging thin and thick skin solutions for alternating currents in cracked conductors. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2033131
Paper 3 notes that at high frequencies, alternating current flows in a superficial skin layer.
C. Donaghy-Spargo, A. Horsfall. Transient skin effect in power electronic applications. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1049/JOE.2018.8132
Paper 7 describes the alternating current skin effect where current density changes and concentrates near the conductor surface.
Lenka Kunčická, Radim Kocich, Petr Kačor, Michal Jambor, Miroslav Jopek. Influence of (Sub) Structure Development within Rotary Swaged Al–Cu Clad Conductors on Skin Effect during Transfer of Alternating Current. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020650
Paper 9 explains the skin effect during alternating current transfer where current density tends to be inhomogeneous and concentrated across the conductor cross-section.
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