The translator's task has usually been defined as the establishment of an equivalence between the source language (SL) and the target language (TL) texts, and the translation process has been characterized as a branch of contrastive linguistics. But neither the nature of translation equivalence (TE) has been carefully specified nor a comprehensive framework consistent with the true nature of linguistic I communicative behaviour has been employed for contrasting languages for translation purposes. Consequently translation studies have always lacked a sound scientific framework. This paper attempts to study the nature of TE within the framework of a comprehensive contrastive analysis of SL and TL at discourse level and suggests seven different components for TE.

This paper explores the application of Eugene Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in the English subtitle translation of the Chinese film Hidden Blade (2023). By analyzing specific translation strategies and challenges, the study aims to evaluate how functional equivalence theory enhances cross-cultural communication and audience comprehension. Through qualitative analysis of selected dialogue excerpts, the research identifies key practices in achieving lexical, syntactic, textual,and stylistic equivalence. The findings reveal that adaptations in cultural references, sentence restructuring and pragmatic adjustments are critical to preserving the original intent and emotional resonance of the film. This study contributes to the discourse on audiovisual translation by emphasizing the balance between fidelity to source content and adaptability to target-language norms.

The present paper addresses the issue of pragmatic equivalence in literary translation, which is considered to be one of the most important aspects of linguistic uniformity between the source and target texts. Pragmatic equivalence of translation is defined as the conformity of the translator’s ‘duplication’ of the content with the author’s communicative intent or the literary objective. The cross-cultural pragmatic analysis of translation equivalence carried out in the paper focuses on the interpretations of the verbal behavior of the heroes while performing speech acts. For the purpose of analysis the novel by R. Bradbury “Dandelion Wine” and its Armenian and Russian translations are chosen. The research shows that the interpretative words nominating the heroes’ verbal behavior, namely, the verbs of speaking, are culture sensitive. Therefore, in some cases the translator may diverge from the source text in order to sound authentic in the target language. The comparative analysis of the samples served as a mediated translation approach, revealing certain linguistic and culture-specific points at issue in the translation process.

This article analyzes the problem of equivalence and adequacy in literary translation. Unlike literal translation, literary translation involves conveying the aesthetic, stylistic, and emotional characteristics of the original text. Equivalence ensures lexical and semantic accuracy, while adequacy preserves the overall artistic impact of the translation. The article explores the influence of linguistic and extralinguistic approaches in translation, the necessity of considering cultural differences, and the challenges faced in translating poetry and prose.

To gain a clear understanding of the current state of research on the reproduction of language style in translation, we systematically analyzed 61 relevant academic studies conducted over the past decade (2014–2024). Stylistic reproduction highlights the importance of conveying the original style in translation, focusing on how to preserve and reflect the style. Driven by the characteristics of the times, the expansion of academic background, the deepening of translation studies, and the practical demands of translation practice, research on stylistic reproduction has garnered increasing interest from scholars. Fruitful results have been yielded in terms of research content, which covers general trends, topics and areas of focus, types and challenges of style, as well as applied theoretical frameworks, translation principles and strategies. However, deficiencies have also emerged. These issues include repetitive research topics and content, findings that lack analytical completeness and reasonability, conceptual confusion regarding translation terminology, the limited range of languages examined, and the absence of effective evaluation mechanisms for stylistic reproduction. This study suggests that future research should adopt diverse perspectives, identify new materials, and strengthen both theoretical and textual analysis. It should also innovate research methods and instruments to enhance the reliability and originality of findings. Current research highlights the need for future investigations to address the international dissemination of high-quality translations and the stylistic reproduction of non-literary styles. The findings of this study aim to illuminate existing challenges and gaps in the field, offering fresh perspectives and approaches for future research on stylistic reproduction in translation.

Classical Chinese poetry faces challenges in cross-cultural communication due to differences in rhythm, imagery, and poetic traditions. Although various translation strategies have been proposed, empirical research on how target readers evaluate them remains limited. This study adopted a mixed-methods approach to examine four English translations of Li Bai's "Yu Jie Yuan": prose translation, free verse translation, rhymed translation, and literal translation. A total of 403 American audiences were recruited through the Prolific platform and completed an online questionnaire on Qualtrics. The adapted Reader Response Questionnaire (RRQ) covered five dimensions: "content, theme, affective involvement, character behavior, and typology". Quantitative data were analyzed using t-tests and analysis of variance, while open-ended responses were subjected to qualitative thematic analysis. In addition, four English translations of Li Bai's "Yu Jie Yuan" were examined through textual analysis. The results showed that among the four strategies compared, rhymed translation was more popular with readers, indicating its potential advantage in balancing meaning and aesthetics. This study provided empirical support for the role of translation strategies in cross-cultural communication. However, since the sample was limited to American audiences, future research should expand to other cultural groups to verify the generalizability of the conclusion.

Huang Beijia's contemporary Chinese novels Wo Yao Zuo Hao Hai Zi (a contemporary realistic children's novel, 1996) and Ye Feng Fei Wu (a historical novel for children, 2018), translated into English by Nicky Harman as I Want to Be Good (2020) and Flight of the Bumblebee (2023), offer valuable insights into translator's style in rendering Chinese children's literature for English readers. Building on Baker's (2000) translator's style in corpus-based translation studies (CTS) that manifests translator's recurrent patterns, this study investigates Harman's stylistic choices at the lexical, syntactic, and textual level to reveal how Chinese specific elements are represented for target readers. A self-built bilingual corpus (parallel and comparable; 398,531 words total) enables a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative metrics (such as keyword analysis, readability index by Qt Readability, etc.) with qualitative close reading. By analyzing typical translation examples and the para-texts of Harman's translated works, this study aims to explore the reasons behind Harman's translation style and the relationship between the translator's views on translation and translation choices. The results reveal the existence of a distinctive translator's style and show that vividness, purity and joy reflected in the original children's literature as the ST style has been reproduced in Harman's translation. A preference for contracted forms ('s,'ve, 'd, etc.) and more strategic and habitual use of certain collocations (such as the employment of "keep an eye on…", "as far as the eye could see", etc.), tentative efforts in balancing domestication and foreignization in the translation of Chinese four-character idioms, the multimodal interaction employed by Harman as her special consideration for the young readership, etc. have all contributed to Harman's translator's style in translating children's literature. These findings will contribute to the study of translator's style and deepen the research of the English translation and international dissemination of Chinese children's literature under the methodology of corpus-based research.

... translation. A high SA score indicates that the translation preserves the intended message without significant loss ... stylistic fluency of the translation. Even if a translation is grammatically correct, it may still sound ... This three-volume set LNCS 16431-16433 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Behavioural and Social Computing, BESC 2025 held in Hong Kong SAR, China, during October 16–18, 2025. The 18 full papers and 5 short papers presented in this volumes were carefully reviewed and selected from 149 submissions. These papers focus on various aspects of social computing, applied psychology, behaviour pattern learning, text and sentiment analysis, graph learning, AI in education, and AI for social good.

This study aims at analyzing the translation procedures used to translate anthroponyms and toponyms from the famous novels about Harry Potter by J. K. Rowling into the Lithuanian language and the Russian language. To achieve the aim, a comparative qualitative analysis of the selected proper nouns was carried out. The corpus for the data analysis was compiled manually from seven novels about Harry Potter and their translations into Lithuanian and Russian: 50 toponyms, 50 anthroponyms of human names and 50 anthroponyms of magical creatures. The Lithuanian translation was made by Zita Marienė and the Russian translation was chosen the one made by Igor Oranskyi as he was the first translator who worked on the stories about Harry Potter in Russia. The comparative qualitative analysis of the collected proper nouns was built on Baker’s (2011) view of equivalence at word level and above word level. In order to analyze the problems which the translators faced and the strategies they used, the data were processed with the reference to the translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) and Peter Newmark (1988). In both translations, the procedures of Naturalization and Transference predominated; however, as J.K. Rowling combines different genres, uses mythology and fantasy elements alongside realistic descriptions, makes references to various cultures, chooses proper nouns of Latin and French origin, uses sarcasm, humor, dialect linguistic features in her writings, other

translation, admissible translation, aesthetic equivalence, aesthetic meaning, Analytical Philosophy, Applied … shades of meaning in translation, Lörscher compares the strategies used in translation by professionals … requirement for aesthetic equivalence imposed a high degree of congruence). The near-equivalence in respect of

TT-COC-2082 © 1996 Forest Stewardship Council TOPICS IN TRANSLATION Series Editors: Susan Bassnett, University … training translators. The editors of the Topics in Translation series encourage research that spans the range … 31-34 High Street, Bristol BS1 2AW, UK. TOPICS IN TRANSLATION Series Editors: Susan Bassnett and Edwin Genizler

The article examines the stylistic aspects of tourism texts, aimed at analyzing the persuasive function of lexical elements such as metaphor, epithet, and comparison. The purpose of the research is to identify translation strategies that allow for the preservation of expressiveness and emotional impact from the source text into the target language. The study demonstrates that the frequent use of evaluative adjectives, superlatives, and figures of speech intensifies the emotional impact on the reader. The research hypothesis is based on the assumption that communicative translation, in line with Peter Newmark's approach, facilitates the achievement of an equivalent pragmatic and aesthetic effect. The analysis of a corpus of tourism texts shows that the use of strategies such as the reproduction of metaphorical imagery, cultural equivalence, and compensation contributes to maintaining the persuasive function of localized texts. The results highlight the importance of preserving expressiveness in the process of translating tourism texts.

This article explores the translation of units expressing psychological states from Uzbek literary texts into English, focusing on the principles of artistic-psychological adequacy. Psychological states in Uzbek texts are often conveyed not through direct lexical nomination but via contextual cues, descriptive details, somatic metaphors, and speech-intonation markers. Through illustrative analysis of excerpts from Oybek’s Bolalik (Childhood, translated by Carolyn Wei), Shukur Xolmirzayev’s O‘zbek xarakteri (Character of Uzbek, translated by H. Allanazarova), and O‘tkir Hoshimov’s Dunyoning ishlari (Affairs of Life, translated by O. Mo‘minov), the study demonstrates how translators render these nuanced states in English using strategies such as semantic interpretation, functional equivalence, expansion, compensation, and modulation. The analysis highlights the role of descriptive/analytical predicative structures, metaphorical expressions, and emotion-masking strategies in preserving the psychological intensity, pragmatic connotations, and stylistic impact of the original text. The study confirms that successful translation of psychological state units requires a creative approach that goes beyond lexical equivalence, emphasizing semantic, stylistic, connotative, and pragmatic alignment between source and target texts. Ultimately, the article illustrates how the translation process bridges cultural-psychological meaning and preserves the aesthetic-emotional effect of the original literary work.