Adults acquire new gut bacteria from external environmental exposure
Multiple studies demonstrate that adults acquire and share gut bacterial strains through environmental exposures, social contacts, and cohabitation.
The retrieved papers consistently support the claim that adults acquire new gut bacteria from environmental exposure and social contact, fitting well within the One Health and interpersonal strain-transmission literature. There are no refuting studies in the provided set.
Muhummed AM, Lanker KC, Yersin S, Zinsstag J, Vonaesch P. One Health, One Microbiome.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-025-02231-6
Paper 0 highlights that microbiome strains are shared across domains within the One Health framework, linking environmental and human health.
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Lu W, Wong OWH, Zhu J, Chen S, Tun HM, Wan Y, Xu Z, Cheung CP, Ching JYL, Cheong PK, Chan S, Wong S, Chan D, Chan FKL, Su Q, Ng SC. Gut microbiome composition and strain-sharing in multiplex autism spectrum disorder families.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-70142-7
Paper 1 demonstrates that cohabiting individuals share gut microbiome strains influenced by shared environmental factors.
Schroer HW, Beghini F, Raygoza Garay JA, Christakis NA, Bosch DE. Metagenomic polymorphic toxin effector and immunity profiling predicts microbiome development and disease-related dysbiosis.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00305-26
Paper 4 finds that interpersonal strain sharing among adults is linked to social interactions and environmental exposures.
Poopalarajah R, Jha AR. Human lifestyle-associated factors modulate the gut resistome.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.01458-25
Paper 8 notes that agriculturally linked environmental exposures and lifestyle factors shape the gut microbiome and resistome.
Heidrich V, Fackelmann G, Ricci L, Spadazzi R, Baldanzi G, Punčochář M, Catassi G, Marchi P, Modesto M, Piccinno G, Porcari S, Rondinella D, Asnicar F, Valles-Colomer M, Mattarelli P, Ianiro G, Segata N. Strain transmission links human microbiomes along the oral-gut axis and across cohabiting individuals.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpblue.2026.100034
Paper 9 shows that cohabiting individuals share significantly more microbiome strains than non-cohabitants due to environmental proximity.
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