peripheral centum languages—Germanic, Italic, Celtic, Greek, Anatolian and Tocharian—reflect both palatal and plain velar stops as plain velars, while the labiovelars
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the north of the Indian subcontinent, most of the European continent, and the Iranian plateau, with additional native branches found in regions such as parts of Central Asia (e.g., Tajikistan and Afghanistan), southern Indian subcontinent (Sri Lanka and the Maldives), Armenia, and even stretching as far as to mainland Southeast Asia (Rohi
As speakers of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) dispersed, the language's sound system diverged as well, changing according to various sound laws evidenced in the daughter languages.
PIE is normally reconstructed with a complex system of 15 stop consonants, including an unusual three-way phonation or voicing distinction between voiceless, voiced and "voiced aspirated", i.e. breathy voiced, stops, and a three-way distinction among velar consonants—k-type sounds—between palatal ḱ ǵ ǵh, plain velar k g gh and labiovelar kʷ gʷ gʷh. The correctness of the terms palatal and plain velar is disputed. All daughter languages have reduced the number of distinctions among these sounds, often in divergent ways.
As an example, in English, one of the Germanic languages, the following are some of the major changes that happened:
the labiovelar series merges with the plain velars and the palatovelars assibilate. The Anatolian languages are sometimes categorized as having undergone
The Indo-European language family comprises a vast number of languages and dialects spoken throughout the world today. All of these languages are descended from a common ancestor known as Proto-Indo-European, which scholars estimate was spoken about six thousand years ago. This common ancestor has been reconstructed by historical linguists using the comparative method. Sound laws are regular insta
(Celtic, Germanic, Greek, Italic, Tocharian) The palatovelar consonants *ḱ, *ǵ, and *ǵʰ undergo a merger with the plain velars consonants *k, *g, and *gʰ, causing the palatovelar series to disappear entirely. This process contrasts with the satemization, where the labiovelar series merges with the plain velars and the palatovelars assibilate. The Anatolian languages are sometimes categorized as having undergone centumization; evidence from Luwian suggests the tripartite distinction persisted, but Hittite does not appear to have such evidence. The American linguist H. Craig Melchert considers Anatolian to have undergone the process eventually, but that the apparent three-way distinction in the Luwic languages are the result of conditional changes prior to centumization rather than a wholesale import of the original system. The name is derived from the Latin word for 'one hundred' derived from a Proto-Indo-European root which began with a palatovelar.
Ko…
(Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Albanian, Armenian) Also, RUKI; ruki; ruki rule; ruki change; iurk rule; Pedersen's law. In the satem languages, Proto-Indo-European *s is retracted when preceded by *r, *u, *k, or *i. In Indo-Iranian, the phoneme retracted to š, while in Slavic it further retracted into x in most circumstances. This change is not generally believed to be commonly derived from an earlier common…
The sound change by which palatovelars became plain velars in centum languages.: #:
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=2022-12-14|author=John Clayton|title=Labiovelar loss and the rounding of syllabic liquids in Indo-Iranian|journal=Indo-European Linguistics|doi=10.1163/22125892-0000010021|page=46|passage= For instance, if one reconstructs satəmization, the merger of *K and *Kʷ, as an innovation that defines a clade (approx. Thraco-Armeno-Daco-Albano-Balto-Slavo-Indo-Iranian), then the other remaining Indo-European branches must independently undergo centumization as they branch off at higher nodes. Each of these individually centumizing higher clades (Anatolian, Tocharian, Italo-Celtic, and Germanic) represents undesirable homoplastic innovations.}}
To convert a palatovelar to a plain velar in a centum language.: Thraco-Armeno-Daco-Albano-Balto-Slavo-Indo-Iranian), then the other remaining Indo-European branches must independently undergo centumization as they branch off at higher nodes. Each of these individually centumizing higher clades (Anatolian, Tocharian, Italo-Celtic, and Germanic) represents undesirable homoplastic innovations.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|year=2023|author=Jaakko Häkkinen|title=On locating Proto-Uralic|journal=Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen|issue=68|issn=0355-1253|isbn=978-952-7262-42-9|doi=10.33339/fuf.120910|page=52|passage=However, it is questionable whether we could distinguish even the centumized or satemized consonants from the Late Proto-Indo-European consonants through the Uralic filter: }}
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