Accelerating environmental surroundings can accelerate plant growth rates
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Peer-reviewed literature demonstrates that optimizing or modifying specific environmental factors, such as light conditions and growth parameters, can enhance photosynthetic efficiency and accelerate plant growth rates.
The environmental conditions in customered speed breeding practice are, to some extent, empirical and, thus, can be further optimized. Crop and plant models have been developed as powerful tools in predicting growth and development under various environments for extensive crop species. To improve speed breeding, crop models can be used to predict the phenotypes resulted from genotype by environment by management at the population level, while plant models can be used to examine 3-dimensional plant architectural development by microenvironments at the organ level. By justifying the simulations via numerous virtual trials using models in testing genotype × environment × management, an optimized combination of environmental factors in achieving desired plant phenotypes can be quickly determined. Artificial intelligence in assisting for optimization is also discussed. We admit that the appropriate modifications on modeling algorithms or adding new modules may be necessary in optimizing speed breeding for specific uses. Overall, this review demonstrates that crop and plant models are promising tools in providing the optimized combinations of environment factors in advancing crop growth and development for speed breeding.
<p>A common paradigm holds that, to satisfy mineral nutrient demand, plants and associated soil microbiota accelerate rock weathering which in turn aids to regulate the silicate weathering – CO<sub>2</sub> cycle. However, from investigating the dependence of ecosystem nutrition on 1) erosion rate; 2) biomass growth a more complex picture emerges. To derive this picture, novel metrics for budgeting element fluxes were employed in a global gradient of field sites (refs 1,2,3) that differ in erosion rate and precipitation (and thus plant growth). The metrics are based on weathering zone geochemical composition, soil production rates from cosmogenic nuclides, biomass growth, and plant stochiometry.</p><p>1) Dependence on erosion rate: From sites that differ in erosion rate it is found that in slowly eroding mountain landscapes mineral grains that contain nutrients in the regolith are depleted. As a consequence, plants are nourished by recycling, and losses are replaced by atmospheric inputs. In fast-eroding regimes, permanent natural erosion rejuvenates the weathering zone. Erosion exerts the principle control over weathering.</p><p>2) Dependence on biomass growth: Because these sites also differ in climate and biomass growth neither the degree of weathering nor the weathering rates increase systematically with precipitation or biomass growth along the gradient. A nutrient recycling factor can be quantified that increases inversely with erosion rate and shows that the increase in nutrient demand with increasing biomass growth is accommodated by faster nutrient recycling between plants and soil.</p><p>If weathering does not impact biomass growth and biomass growth does not impact weathering, what then is the influence of biota on element Critical Zone budgets? I hypothesize that plant growth might in fact dampen weathering rates. Deepening the rooting depth, modifying subsurface water flux, or reduction of porosity by precipitation of secondary minerals after enhanced mineral dissolution may induce such a negative feedback.</p><p>1. von Blanckenburg, F., Schuessler, J.A., Bouchez, J., Frings, P.J., Uhlig, D., Oelze, M., Frick, D.A., Hewawasam, T., Dixon, J., Norton, K., 2021. Rock weathering and nutrient cycling along an erodosequence. American Journal of Science 321, 1111-1163.</p><p>2. Oeser, R.A., von Blanckenburg, F., 2020. Do degree and rate of silicate weathering depend on plant productivity? Biogeosciences 17, 4883-4917.</p><p>3. Uhlig, D., von Blanckenburg, F., 2019. How Slow Rock Weathering Balances Nutrient Loss During Fast Forest Floor Turnover in Montane, Temperate Forest Ecosystems. Frontiers in Earth Science 7.</p>
Rapid industrialization, modern farming practices, and other human activities are contributing significant amounts of harmful heavy metals to the environment. These metals can accumulate and magnify through food chains, posing substantial risks to human health. Recognizing the global environmental threat and its health implications, researchers have developed cutting-edge methods to address heavy metal contamination. Phytoremediation stands out as the foremost method, offering effectiveness and environmental suitability. Combining plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with phytoremediation can be a viable option for minimizing contamination. PGPR enhances plant growth and aids in metal cleanup through chemical synthesis, the secretion of chelating agents, redox reactions, and acidification. This review conducted a comprehensive online search across peer-reviewed electronic databases using specific keywords related to PGPR in heavy metal phytoremediation. This review included 129 relevant articles out of the initially identified 187 articles and outcomes were represented with schematic sketches and in-depth tables. The articles selected were focused on the potential of PGPR in phytoremediation, with emphasis on the contribution of rhizo and endophytic bacteria in accelerating the benefits of phytoremediation. There is little information available about the mechanisms involved in plant-PGPR relationships for metal accumulation. The causes and effects of heavy metal toxicity in the environment were examined in this review, along with the usage of PGPR as a different biological strategy to reduce metal contamination and prevent metals from migrating into edible plant parts. Finally, these prospects will provide some perspectives for future studies on these bacteria in agriculture and offer the possibility of major breakthroughs through knowledge expansion and the allocation of trial sites for the transfer of phytoremediation technology to the farmers in a better way. A systematic review of the use of PGPR as an alternative biological approach to reduce metal pressure and its translocation into the edible parts of plants. A basis for developing an integrated approach to phytoremediation of heavy metals. A guideline for future studies on these bacteria in agriculture and offer the possibility of major breakthroughs in phytoremediation technology so that we can offer this to farmers in a better way. A systematic review of the use of PGPR as an alternative biological approach to reduce metal pressure and its translocation into the edible parts of plants. A basis for developing an integrated approach to phytoremediation of heavy metals. A guideline for future studies on these bacteria in agriculture and offer the possibility of major breakthroughs in phytoremediation technology so that we can offer this to farmers in a better way.
The growth and morphogenesis of plants are entirely dependent on the gravitational acceleration of earth. Under microgravity conditions in space, these processes are greatly modified. Recent space experiments, in combination with ground-based studies, have shown that elongation growth is stimulated and lateral expansion suppressed in various shoot organs and roots under microgravity conditions. Plant organs also show automorphogenesis in space, which consists of altered growth direction and spontaneous curvature in the dorsiventral (back and front) directions. Changes in cell wall properties are responsible for these modifications of growth and morphogenesis under microgravity conditions. Plants live in space with interesting new sizes and forms.
Network structures created by hydroxycinnamate cross-links within the cell wall architecture of gramineous plants make the cell wall resistant to the gravitational force of the earth. In this study, the effects of microgravity on the formation of cell wall-bound hydroxycinnamates were examined using etiolated rice shoots simultaneously grown under artificial 1 g and microgravity conditions in the Cell Biology Experiment Facility on the International Space Station. Measurement of the mechanical properties of cell walls showed that shoot cell walls became stiff during the growth period and that microgravity suppressed this stiffening. Amounts of cell wall polysaccharides, cell wall-bound phenolic acids, and lignin in rice shoots increased as the shoot grew. Microgravity did not influence changes in the amounts of cell wall polysaccharides or phenolic acid monomers such as ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid, but it suppressed increases in diferulic acid (DFA) isomers and lignin. Activities of the enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cell wall-bound peroxidase (CW-PRX) in shoots also increased as the shoot grew. PAL activity in microgravity-grown shoots was almost comparable to that in artificial 1 g-grown shoots, while CW-PRX activity increased less in microgravity-grown shoots than in artificial 1 g-grown shoots. Furthermore, the increases in expression levels of some class III peroxidase genes were reduced under microgravity conditions. These results suggest that a microgravity environment modifies the expression levels of certain class III peroxidase genes in rice shoots, that the resultant reduction of CW-PRX activity may be involved in suppressing DFA formation and lignin polymerization, and that this suppression may cause a decrease in cross-linkages within the cell wall architecture. The reduction in intra-network structures may contribute to keeping the cell wall loose under microgravity conditions.
Environmental stressors such as environmental changes and UV radiation can significantly hinder plant growth and development. To promote plant growth, phosphors excited by light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) have garnered significant research attention because they can convert the light emitted by LEDs into specific wavelengths that plants can absorb for photosynthesis. However, this approach has some limitations: the phosphors are costly to power continuously, and their fixed luminous intensity creates a static light environment that enhances photorespiration. In this study, Sr3Lu2Ge3O12: 0.05%Bi3+, 0.03%Mn2+ nanophosphors/polydimethylsiloxane multi‐functional smart window is introduced with persistent luminescence and optical stimulated luminescence properties. This window produces red and blue luminescent fluctuating light when excited by sunlight during the day, and emits red and blue PersL fluctuating light at night by releasing the stored light energy continuously. This fluctuating light environment reduces the effects of photorespiration. The red and blue light synergistically enhance photosynthetic efficiency, accelerate plant growth. Testing with peas under salinity, drought, and low temperature stress conditions reveals improved growth and stress tolerance indicators, demonstrating increased plant stress tolerance. This technology enables plants to thrive under stress conditions, addressing yield problems, thereby enhancing the stability and economic efficiency of agricultural production systems.
Introduction: In recent years, the effect of exogenous organic amendments on soil properties and plant growth characteristics has received renewed attention. Although the utilization of mineral fertilizers could be viewed as the best solution in terms of plant productivity, this approach is often inefficient in long-term in tropical ecosystems due to the limited ability of low-activity clay soils to retain nutrients. Intensive use of agrochemicals in agricultural systems is also known to have irreversible effects on soil and water resources. Vermicompost is currently being promoted to improve soil quality, reduce water and fertilizer needs and therefore increase the sustainability of agricultural practices in tropical countries. Vermicomposting is a process which stabilizes organic matter under aerobic and mesophilic conditions through the joint action of earthworms and microorganisms. The products of vermicomposting have been successfully used to suppress plant pests and diseases, as well as increase crop productivity. Cow manure is an excellent fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients. It also adds organic matter to the soil which may improve soil structure, aeration, soil moisture-holding capacity, and water infiltration. Biofertilizers are defined as preparations containing living cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms that help plants' nutrients uptake by their interactions in the rhizosphere when applied through see
[Interaction of actinomycetes in relation to an intensification of protease biosynthesis].
This work was aimed at studying the interactions during the growth of Actinomyces rimosus producing proteases and Actinomyces violocinereus which did not synthesize secreted proteolytic enzymes. The production of proteases in the association of the actinomycetes was shown to be stimulated by metabolic products released by A. violocinereus into the surrounding medium. The stimulating agent from the cultural broth of this culture accelerated differentiation of the mycelium of the first hyphal generation in A. rimosus, decelerated spore formation of the second hyphal generation, inhibited the growth rate, and increased the rate of protease accumulation as well as the productivity of the synthesis.
Published in Mikrobiologiia
Introduction: In recent years, the effect of exogenous organic amendments on soil properties and plant growth characteristics has received renewed attention. Although the utilization of mineral fertilizers could be viewed as the best solution in terms of plant productivity, this approach is often inefficient in long-term in tropical ecosystems due to the limited ability of low-activity clay soils to retain nutrients. Intensive use of agrochemicals in agricultural systems is also known to have irreversible effects on soil and water resources. Vermicompost is currently being promoted to improve soil quality, reduce water and fertilizer needs and therefore increase the sustainability of agricultural practices in tropical countries. Vermicomposting is a process which stabilizes organic matter under aerobic and mesophilic conditions through the joint action of earthworms and microorganisms. The products of vermicomposting have been successfully used to suppress plant pests and diseases, as well as increase crop productivity. Cow manure is an excellent fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients. It also adds organic matter to the soil which may improve soil structure, aeration, soil moisture-holding capacity, and water infiltration. Biofertilizers are defined as preparations containing living cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms that help plants' nutrients uptake by their interactions in the rhizosphere when applied through see
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