For decades, the supra-inflation increase of subscription prices for scholarly journals has concerned scholarly institutions. After years of fruitless efforts to solve this "serials crisis", open access has been proposed as the latest potential solution. However, also the prices for open access publishing are high and are rising well beyond inflation. What has been missing from the public discussion so far is a quantitative approach to determine the actual <i>costs</i> of efficiently publishing a scholarly article using state-of-the-art technologies, such that informed decisions can be made as to appropriate <i>price</i> levels. Here we provide a granular, step-by-step calculation of the costs associated with publishing primary research articles, from submission, through peer-review, to publication, indexing and archiving. We find that these costs range from less than US$200 per article in modern, large scale publishing platforms using post-publication peer-review, to about US$1,000 per article in prestigious journals with rejection rates exceeding 90%. The publication costs for a representative scholarly article today come to lie at around US$400. These results appear uncontroversial as they not only match previous data using different methodologies, but also conform to the costs that many publishers have openly or privately shared. We discuss the numerous additional non-publication items that make up the difference between these publication costs and final price at the more expensive, legacy publishers.

It is with great pleasure and pride that Maney looks forward to publishing the Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy (JMMT) from the beginning of 2010. We have come to an agreement with the current owners who have kindly allowed us to write this editorial in their last issue. JMMT was founded by Stanley Paris, Sharon Medeiros and John Medeiros in 1992, and following the ground-breaking first issue in December 1993, it has established itself as one of the premier journals for manual physical therapy. Our aim is to provide continuity and change and in doing so to deliver personalized service to authors, readers and libraries for the publishing and international dissemination of high quality, peer reviewed research. Specializing in print and electronic journal publishing, Maney is well known for technical and editorial innovation combined with traditional values of quality and collaboration. Formed in 1997 (from a printing company established in 1900), we publish over ninety journals, the majority on behalf of societies, universities and professional institutes. JMMT will continue to be the members' journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapists (AAOMPT), the Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapists of Australia, and the New Zealand Manipulative Physiotherapists Association. It is also the journal of choice for the Canadian Academy of Manipulative Physiotherapy. The Executive of AAOMPT has decided that from 2010 members will have online access to JMMT as

community service for the selected benefit of academic readers and authors. During the second half of the 20th century, the "big 5" largest publishers (Elsevier The economics of open science describe the economic aspects of making a wide range of scientific outputs (e.g., publications, data, software) to all levels of society. Open science involves a plurality of economic models and goods. Historically, academic journals and other academic institutions, such as learned societies, have favored a knowledge club or a toll access model: publications are manag The economics of open science describe the economic aspects of making a wide range of scientific outputs (e.g., publications, data, software) to all levels of society. Open science involves a plurality of economic models and goods. Historically, academic journals and other academic institutions, such as learned societies, have favored a… The… I… The market may not be the best mechanism for the allocation of a public good, as any price above the marginal cost (of copying and distribution) will reduce net welfare – by locking out users and uses that do not have the capacity to pay or are not willing to pay. For digital information made available online the marginal cost is very low – close to zero. However, a price set at zero or close to zero will not be sufficient to cover full costs (…) To be sustainable, data repositories need to generate sufficient revenue to cover their costs, but setting a price above the marginal cost of copying and distribution will reduce net welfare. All the models of open science have a direct impact on one sub-sample of transaction costs: exclusion costs. There is no need to maintain systems of enforce rules to ensure that a publication will not be used by an unauthorized reader: "This exclusion costs the excluder money. One cost is digital-rights management or DRM, the software lock that opens for authorized users and blocks access to the unauthorized. A second cost is writing and enforcing the licensing agreement that binds subscribers." In addition to DRM system, large commercial publishers have also developed intrusive methods to track subsequent usages of a publication. Non-commercial Open Science journals and open infrastructures can mitigate a larger range of services and costs. Author-paid journals still have to maintain transactional activities, as the management of article-processing charges becomes a core business activity. Moreover, the real cost of large commercial agreements with leading publisher is not well documented as the proceedings of big deals are not public. Even in the context of journal flipping, the negotiation of complex licenses may represent a significant time investments from library and research institution.

technological and labour differences that remain are larger scales of typesetting , copyediting and proofreading. That said, differences of distribution channel