Absolute zero is physically unattainable according to the third law of thermodynamics
Multiple studies and standard thermodynamic principles confirm the third law of thermodynamics, or the unattainability principle, which dictates that absolute zero cannot be reached in a finite amount of time or through a finite number of steps.
The retrieved papers consistently treat the third law of thermodynamics as synonymous with the Nernst unattainability principle, which holds that absolute zero is physically unattainable. Papers [0], [2], and [7] directly affirm this principle in various quantum and thermodynamic contexts.
Masanes L, Oppenheim J. A general derivation and quantification of the third law of thermodynamics.. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14538
Paper [0] explicitly supports the claim by providing a general derivation of the unattainability principle, showing that absolute zero cannot be reached in a finite number of steps or finite time.
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Buffoni L, Gherardini S, Zambrini Cruzeiro E, Omar Y. Third Law of Thermodynamics and the Scaling of Quantum Computers.. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.129.150602
Paper [2] supports the claim by reiterating that the third law, known as the Nernst unattainability principle, places a fundamental bound preventing systems from being cooled to absolute zero.
Sørdal VB, Bergli J, Galperin YM. Cooling by heating: Restoration of the third law of thermodynamics.. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.93.032102
Paper [7] supports the claim by analyzing the dynamic third law (the unattainability principle) and affirming the impossibility of cooling to absolute zero in finite time.
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