In the mid-20th century, scholars noted it was rapidly disappearing in favor of Amharic, with only elderly speakers remaining fluent in some areas. Classification Argobba is part of the Transversal South Ethiopic branch, alongside Amharic and Harari. It is not a dialect of Amharic but a distinct language, though mutual intelligibility with Amharic is high in some varieties (lexical similarity around 75–84%). Geographic distribution Speakers are found in isolated villages northeast of Addis Ababa, including areas like Ankober, Shewa Robit, Shonke, Tollaha, and parts of the Harari Region. Dialectal variations exist, with some communities shifting entirely to neighboring languages. Phonology Argobba has 25–26 consonant phonemes (varying by dialect) and typically five vowels. It features ejective consonants common in Ethiopian Semitic languages. Syllable structures include V, VC, CV, CVC, and CVCC. Grammar Argobba is agglutinative, using prefixes and suffixes for inflection. Verbs are conjugated in perfective, imperfective, jussive, and converb forms. Nouns distinguish singular, plural, and transnumeral forms, with definite markers.

List of languages by number of native speakers Below is a List of languages by number of native speakers.[1] Over half the world's population speaks the 15 most used native languages. They are listed here. They are from the Swedish Nationalencyklopedin (2007, 2010). The distinction between language and dialect is often not clear. Some mutually intelligible versions have been unified.[2] These include Indonesian and Malay; Croatian, Bosnian, and Serbian. It does not include standard Hindi and Urdu. Hindustani has been divided here into the sociolinguistic units of Hindi and Urdu, but at least 100 million speakers of some Hindi dialects are not counted below. Related pages References - ↑ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin. Asterisks mark the 2010 estimates Archived 2012-11-11 at the Wayback Machine for the top dozen languages. - ↑ "Mutually intelligible": each side can understand the other side.

... intelligibility scores are a matter of degree reflects the situation in many dialect areas. Traditional dialectologists present the geographical spread of dialectal fea- tures, for instance a particular word form or pronunciation, by ... The Handbook of Dialectology provides an authoritative, up-to-date and unusually broad account of the study of dialect, in one volume. Each chapter reviews essential research, and offers a critical discussion of the past, present and future development of the area. The volume is based on state-of-the-art research in dialectology around the world, providing the most current work available with an unusually broad scope of topics Provides a practical guide to the many methodological and statistical issues surrounding the collection and analysis of dialect data Offers summaries of dialect variation in the world's most widely spoken and commonly studied languages, including several non-European languages that have traditionally received less attention in general discussions of dialectology Revi The volume is based on state-of-the-art research in dialectology around the world, providing the most current work available with an unusually broad scope of topics Provides a practical guide to the many methodological and statistical issues surrounding the collection and analysis of dialect data Offers summaries of dialect variation in the world's most widely spoken and commonly studied languages, including several non-European languages that have traditionally received less attention in general discussions of dialectology Reviews the intellectual development of the field, including its main theoretical schools of thought and research traditions, both academic and applied The editors are well known and highly respected, with a deep knowledge of this vast field of inquiry Pratinjau buku ini » Halaman terpilih Halaman 64 Halaman 65 Halaman 68 Halaman Judul Daftar Isi Isi List of Contributors 10 William A Kretzschmar Jr Jelena Prokić 14 Dialectology Philology and Historical Linguistics 23 University of Kiel Germany 37 The Dialect Dictionary 39 Linguistic Atlases 57 Structural Dialectology 73 The Blind Man and the Lame 88 CorpusBased Approaches to Dialect Study 300 Acoustic Phonetic Dialectology 314 Computational Dialectology 330 Dialect Maps 348 Identifying Regional Dialects in OnLine Social Media 368 Logistic Regression Analysis of Linguistic Data 384 Statistics for Aggregate Variationist Analyses 400 Spatial Statistics for Dialectology 415 Lengkap Sociodialectology 106 Dialectometry 123 Dialect Contact and New Dialect Formation 143 Dialect Change in EuropeLeveling and Convergence 159 Perceptual Dialectology 177 Dialect Intelligibility 204 Dialect Coaching Dialect Reduction 219 Methods section editor John Nerbonne 233 University of Freiburg Damien Hall 245 The Dialect Questionnaire 253 Written Dialect Surveys 268 Field Interviews in Dialectology 284 Data section editor Charles Boberg 435 David Britain Germany 438 Dialects of North American English 450 J K Chambers Universiteit Amsterdam Netherlands 461 Dialects of French 474 Dialects of Spanish and Portuguese 498 Dialects of Arabic 523 Dialects of Chinese 547 Takuichiro Onishi 559 Dialects of MalayIndonesian 571 Index 582 Hak Cipta Ringkas Edisi yang lain - Lihat semua The Handbook of Dialectology Charles Boberg , John Nerbonne , Dominic Watt Pratinjau terbatas - 2018 The Handbook of Dialectology Charles Boberg , John Nerbonne , Dominic Watt Pratinjau terbatas - 2018 The Handbook of Dialectology Charles Boberg , John Nerbonne , Dominic Watt Pratinjau tidak tersedia - 2020 Istilah dan frasa umum accent American English analysis approach atlases Auer Berlin Cambridge University Press century Charles Boberg Computational Linguistics context convergence corpus dialect areas dialect continua dialect variation dialectology dialectometry diasystem distance Dutch edited elicited English Dialects example fieldworker Figure forms French frequency geographical Georg Wenker German Gilli�ron Goebl grammar Gruyter Handbook Heeringa Hinskens interview isoglosses John Nerbonne Journal Jules Gilli�ron Kretzschmar Kurath Labov Language Variation Levenshtein distance lexical lexicography Linguistic Atlas Linguistique locations Malay maps McDavid methods Milroy monophthongization mutual intelligibility Neogrammarian North North American English Northern onomasiological Oxford patterns perception Peter Peter Trudgill phonetic phonological Preston pronunciation quantitative questionnaire questions regional dialects respondents sample social sociolinguistic sound change South southern spatial speakers speech spoken Sprachatlas standard language statistical structural dialectology Taiwanese Mandarin theory traditional dialects Trudgill variables Variation and Change variogram Vinderup vowel Wenker words Tentang pengarang (2018) Charles Boberg is Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. His research focuses on variation and change in North American English, particularly Canadian English and accents in film and television. He is the author of The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis (2010) and a co-author of the Atlas of North American English (with William Labov and Sharon Ash, 2006). John Nerbonne worked at HP Labs, the German AI Center, He is a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, was president of the Association for Computational Linguistics in 2002, and a Humboldt prize winner in 2013. Dominic Watt is Senior Lecturer in Forensic Speech Science at the University of York, UK. His research interests are in forensic phonetics and linguistics, speech perception, sociophonetics, and language and identity studies. He is co-author of English Accents and Dialects (with Arthur Hughes and Peter Trudgill, 2012), and co-editor of Language and Identities (with Carmen Llamas, 2010) and Language, Borders and Identity (2014).