A compound can be aromatic overall even if it contains anti-aromatic rings.
Chemical systems containing locally antiaromatic rings can exhibit overall global aromaticity or diatropicity.
The retrieved papers provide clear computational and structural evidence that polycyclic systems containing locally antiaromatic rings (such as indacene, pentalene, or cyclobutadienoid moieties) can achieve global aromaticity or global pi-electron delocalization.
Chen L, Shangguan Z, Shi T, Qin L, Zeng Y, Zhu Q, Chen J, Liang J, Miao W, He Y, Qiu X, Wang X, Zhang D, Yang R. Sterically controlled 5-<i>exo</i>-dig cyclization enables synthesis of non-benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with intriguing (anti)aromaticity and diradical properties.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1039/d6sc00121a
Paper [3] demonstrates that non-benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can maintain global aromaticity even when containing antiaromatic indacene or pentalene subunits.
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Cárdenas A, Jin Z, Ni Y, Wu J, Xia Y, Ramírez FJ, Casado J. Oxidation of [3]naphthylenes to cations and dications converts local paratropicity into global diatropicity.. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.21.20
Paper [5] shows that oxidized states of [3]naphthylenes, which consist of fused aromatic and antiaromatic moieties, convert into overall globally diatropic molecules.
Khan MUG, Młodzikowska-Pieńko K, Gershoni-Poranne R, Wu JI. Three wrongs make a right: a computational investigation of [4<i>n</i>]-[4<i>n</i>]-[4<i>n</i>] fused π-systems.. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5sc07395b
Paper [7] discusses how fusing antiaromatic units can afford delocalized pi-systems with reduced paratropicity or weak diatropicity overall.
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